مقاله انگلیسی رایگان در مورد تخمین محصولات فضای سبز شهری در اقتصاد کلان – الزویر ۲۰۱۸

مقاله انگلیسی رایگان در مورد تخمین محصولات فضای سبز شهری در اقتصاد کلان – الزویر ۲۰۱۸

 

مشخصات مقاله
انتشار مقاله سال ۲۰۱۸
تعداد صفحات مقاله انگلیسی ۱۱ صفحه
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منتشر شده در نشریه الزویر
نوع مقاله ISI
عنوان انگلیسی مقاله Estimating urban green space production in the macroeconomy: From public goods to a profitable method of investment
ترجمه عنوان مقاله تخمین محصولات فضای سبز شهری در اقتصاد کلان: از ابزار عمومی تا یک روش سوددهی سرمایه گذاری
فرمت مقاله انگلیسی  PDF
رشته های مرتبط اقتصاد، محیط زیست
گرایش های مرتبط اقتصاد پولی
مجله جنگلداری شهری و سبزسازی شهری – Urban Forestry & Urban Greening
دانشگاه College of Architecture and Urban Planning – University of Tongji – China
کلمات کلیدی گردش سرمایه، اقتصاد سنجی، تولید ناخالص ملی، سرمایه گذاری، مدل معادلات همزمان (SEM)، تولید فضایی، فضای سبز شهری
کلمات کلیدی انگلیسی Capital circulation, Econometrics, GDP, Investment, Simultaneous equations model (SEM), Space production, Urban green space
کد محصول E7445
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بخشی از متن مقاله:
۱٫ Introduction

The Chinese economic reform and “Open Door” policy were initiated in 1978. Subsequently, the urbanization level of China increased from 22% in 1983–۵۹% in 2017, according to official statistics, and it is estimated that it will reach 75% by the middle of the 21st century. In China, the urbanization process is a form of “hybrid urbanization” that involves a combination of socialist and market economies (McGee, 2009). Accompanied by the long-term urbanization in China, the social production of urban green space (UGS), as well as other kinds of urban space, is gradually transforming into a land operation strategy for local governments to maximize land lease revenue in the circulation and accumulation of macroeconomic capital. It is argued that Lefebvre’s theory of the “production of urban space” (Lefebvre, 1991) offers a useful approach in explaining this phenomenon, and the political economy concept it adopts helps identify the major driving forces in the urbanization process (McGee, 2009). By using this concept, many researchers have offered new views of urban space production worldwide (Harvey, 1990a,b; Klink, 2013; McGee, 2009; Purcell, 1997; Raco and Gilliam, 2012). “UGS production”, a concept and a framework elaborated in Chapter 2, is used to discuss the logics, mechanisms and practices of the social production process of UGS. The mechanism of UGS production mainly follows political and socio-economic logics which can be estimated by empirical research. Generally, three aspects of studies are crucial in explaining the socio-economic mechanism of UGS production: the driving force behind UGS, the benefits of UGS, and the mechanism between them. Regarding the first aspect, five major driving forces of UGS’s changes have been identified: socio-economic, political, technological, natural, and cultural (Brandt et al., 1999), and the social, economic, and political driving forces frequently interact with each other (Chen and Wang, 2013b; James et al., 2009). Socio-economic and political factors (e.g., developmental history, urban morphology and land area, population densities, GDP, income, education, social preference, management, and policies) affect the planning, construction, and maintenance of UGSs in direct or indirect ways (Chen and Wang, 2013a; Hill et al., 2010; Kendal et al., 2012; Li et al., 2005; Tan et al., 2013; Visscher et al., 2016; Young, 2011; Zhao et al., 2013; Zhou and Wang, 2011; Zhu and Zhang, 2008). Characterized by a luxury effect (Hope et al., 2003; Mennis, 2006), the distribution of vegetation has been determined by income based on social stratification (Jenerette et al., 2013; Landry and Chakraborty, 2009; Wolch et al., 2014; Zhu and Zhang, 2008), with the wealthy moving to landscapes with higher plant diversity (Hope et al., 2003) or altering their local environment by planting more trees (Mennis, 2006). As a result, income may be the most important variable contributing to the distribution of urban tree canopy coverage (Schwarz et al., 2015), which is in contrast with previous research suggesting that education level is a better predictor of urban tree cover than income (Heynen and Lindsey, 2003; Kendal et al., 2012; Luck et al., 2009; Troy et al., 2007). In China, the demographic transfer and gross domestic product (GDP) growth are key factors in explaining the changes of UGS coverage (Chen and Wang, 2013a). Additionally, recent research has documented that a combination of economic growth, climate change, and urban greening policies is the most likely cause of urban green coverage changes in Chinese cities (Yang et al., 2014) while land-based finance has been revealed to be the primary determinant of the UGS provision in China (Chen and Wang, 2013a; Chen and Hu, 2015; Zhao et al., 2013).

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