۱- Introduction

۲- Related work

۳- System model

۴- The probabilistic IDS

۵- Experimental evaluation

۶- Discussion

۷- Conclusions

References

Abstract

The Electric Vehicles (EVs) market has seen rapid growth recently despite the anxiety about driving range. Recent proposals have explored charging EVs on the move, using dynamic wireless charging that enables power exchange between the vehicle and the grid while the vehicle is moving. Specifically, part of the literature focuses on the intelligent routing of EVs in need of charging. Inter-Vehicle communications (IVC) play an integral role in intelligent routing of EVs around a static charging station or dynamic charging on the road network. However, IVC is vulnerable to a variety of cyber attacks such as spoofing. In this paper, a probabilistic cross-layer Intrusion Detection System (IDS), based on Machine Learning (ML) techniques, is introduced. The proposed IDS is capable of detecting spoofing attacks with more than 90% accuracy. The IDS uses a new metric, Position Verification using Relative Speed (PVRS), which seems to have a significant effect in classification results. PVRS compares the distance between two communicating nodes that is observed by On-Board Units (OBU) and their estimated distance using the relative speed value that is calculated using interchanged signals in the Physical (PHY) layer.

Introduction

Two of the main prohibiting factors for the adoption of the Electric Vehicles (EVs) across Europe are the driving range (i.e. the distance the vehicle can cover before it needs to recharge), and the lack of supporting charging infrastructure. One solution to these pivotal factors would be the implementation of stochastic optimisation techniques for the charging procedure of EVs [1]. However, this research area has specific limitations regarding the optimal placement of charging stations in a city, queue stability issues, especially when few charging stations must facilitate a large number of requests, among others. Furthermore, the deployment of charging infrastructure requires changes to the existing civil infrastructure, which are costly and take a long time to implement. To overcome these prohibiting factors, it is important that novel and cost-effective approaches to help in the adoption of EVs are proposed. A novel solution initially proposed in Refs. [2,3] to increase the driving range of EVs is the use of city buses as energy sources on the move. The EVs can make efficient use of Mobile Energy Disseminators (MED), which operate as mobile charging stations, and Static Charging Stations (SCS) [2]. The role of a MED can be taken over by city buses that follow a predefined route across the city. Inner-city busses repeatedly move along a predefined route. An EV can establish a communication with a MED and approach it at a specific location along the predefined route to complete the charging process. The proposed method exploits Inter-Vehicle Communication (IVC) in order to eco-route EVs. This innovative approach drives the investigation towards integrated solutions that allow EVs to charge while moving through the city, without the need for a significant change in the existing road infrastructure.