مقاله انگلیسی رایگان در مورد صنعت 4.0 به عنوان بخشی از شهرهای هوشمند – IEEE 2016

he first industrial revolution influenced manufacturing processes by mechanical equipment powered by steam. The second industrial revolution is characterized by mass production; the most well-known representative is Ford Company and their Ford Model T. The third industrial revolution was changed our lives by using of the electronics and proliferation of information technology (IT) into manufacturing [1, 2, 3]. Currently we are standing on the threshold of the fourth industrial revolution, which is marked by linking sub-components of the production process via Internet of Things. The term Industry 4.0 was first used in 2011 at the Hannover Fair and can be defined as a collective term for technologies and concepts of a value chain organization which creates together Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS), Internet of Things Internet of Services, Internet of People (IoP), and Internet of Energy [4]. The whole concept of Industry 4.0 is based on six design principles. These principles support companies in identifying and implementing Industry 4.0 scenarios [5]: 1) Interoperability: the ability of CPS, humans and Industry 4.0 factories to connect and communicate with each other via Internet of Things and Internet of Services. 2) Virtualization: virtualization means that CPSs are able to monitor physical processes. A virtual copy of the Industry 4.0 factory which is created by linking sensor data (monitoring physical processes) with virtual plant models and simulation models. 3) Decentralization: the rising demand for individual products makes it increasingly difficult to control systems centrally. Decentralization means the ability of CPSs within Industry 4.0 factories to make decisions on their own 4) Real-Time Capability: the capability to collect and analyze data and provide the derived insights immediately. Thus, the plant can react to the failure of a machine and reroute products to another machine. 5) Service Orientation: the services of companies, CPS, and humans are available over the IoS and can be utilized by other participants. They can be offered both internally and across company borders. 6) Modularity: flexible adaptation of Industry 4.0 factories to changing requirements by replacing or expanding individual modules as well as changing requirements by replacing or expanding individual modules. Modular systems can be easily adjusted in case of seasonal fluctuations or changed product characteristics.