مقاله انگلیسی رایگان در مورد شاخص های آلودگی خاک توسط فلزات سنگین – اسپرینگر 2017

Currently, soil pollution by heavy metals represents one among the foremost necessary environmental issues. According to numerous scientific environmental studies, heavy metals are regarded as potentially harmful substances released from anthropogenic activity exhibiting the risk to surrounding environment and to human health. The growing contamination by heavy metals in environmental components leads to an increase in global risk to human and ecological health; soil contamination by toxic and dangerous compounds result in the degradation or loss of some soil functions globally. A close interaction to other environmental compartments (water and atmosphere) leads to a negative influence on soils due to anthropogenic activity. The generalized mobilization and dispersion of pollutants from their natural reservoirs to the atmosphere, soil, and water is one of the most significant negative impacts of human activities on terrestrial and aquatic ecosystem (Wang and Qin 2007; Driscoll et al. 2013; Karimi Nezhad et al. 2014; Zhao et al. 2014; Wang et al. 2015a, 2015c; Hou et al. 2017). Heavy metals are accumulated in soils mainly due to dry and wet atmospheric deposition from various sources; the main and most important origin of heavy metals is related to industrial emissions (chemistry, mining, iron and steel industry, metallurgy, building and electronics industry, etc.), fuel combustion, and waste management and transport (automobile traffic, a fuel composition, road types, types of the engine, and drive mode). The growing waste production of various potentially hazardous materials, such as domestic or industrial wastes, incineration wastes, use of fertilizers and agrochemicals, etc., contributes to pollution of urban soils and causes in growing heavy metal amount in soils (Guillén et al. 2011; Pastor and Hernández 2012; Wang et al. 2012; Hu et al. 2013; Cheng et al. 2014; Gonçalves et al. 2014; Teng et al. 2014; Werkenthin et al. 2014; Li et al. 2015a; Soliman et al. 2015; Wu et al. 2015a, 2015b; Gu et al. 2016). The increasing population density and the corresponding increase in the number of vehicles result in significant negative impact on the urban environment (Wong et al. 2006; Lu and Bai 2010; Wei and Yang 2010; Al Obaidy and Al Mashhadi 2013; Werkenthin et al. 2014; Li et al. 2015a, 2015b). A huge proportion of soils in industrialized countries contain higher levels of many dangerous and toxic elements and compounds that are considered hazardous pollutants and their background values are above those in corresponding undisturbed areas (Hijmans et al. 2005; Hu et al. 2013). The soils with unique properties and structure act as a filter and a deposition site for heavy metals and others toxic substances. The input of heavy metals from anthropogenic activities generally includes: As, Cd, Cr (only Cr (VI) is toxic), Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn. Unfortunately, heavy metal pollution is practically almost irreversible (Lado et al. 2008; Liang et al. 2011; Wuana and Okieimen 2011; Teng et al. 2014; Wu et al. 2015a, 2015b; Streets et al. 2017). The geology, the geographical characteristics, and local climate are considered the main natural factors of heavy metal dispersion environment. Generally, that increased density of population, intense industrialization, and excessive exploitation of natural resources result in negative impacts on the structures and functions of the whole ecosystem and environment (Zahida et al. 2014).