مقاله انگلیسی رایگان در مورد اثر فساد در انتشار گاز دی اکسید کربن در کشورهای عضو APEC

مقاله سال 2016

Among international politics and economies, the issue of climate change has gained critical attention. Combining the corruption issue in the political field with the environmental issue in the social economic field, many studies have started to find a new way to consider the factors affecting environmental quality, such as Shleifer and Vishny (1993), Lopez and Mitra (2000), Jain (2001) and Walter and Luebke (2013).

In recent years, both corruption and environmental problems have constituted great challenges for sustainable economic development (Seldadyo and De Haan, 2011; Wang et al., 2015; Zhang and Da, 2015). Nonetheless, corruption often relates to some specific cases and it is hard to quantitatively measure the extent of corruption in a society. Under this circumstance, many organizations or studies have tried to design some indicators or proxy variables to investigate the corruption status. Since the 1990s, numerous corruption indicators have begun to appear, which provided important instruments for relevant quantitative research, such as the Corruption Index published by the World Bank,1,2 the Corruption Perception Index (CPI) published by the Transparency International (TI),3 and the corruption index in the International Country Risk Guide (ICRG) published by the Political Risk Service (PRS) Group.4,5