مقاله انگلیسی رایگان در مورد زنجیره تامین سلولهای خورشیدی – الزویر 2020

In recent years, the sun has been used as one of the main sources of renewable energy and supplying energy through solar cells has been quickly increased. This paper develops a two-echelon multi-period multi-product solar cell supply chain (SCSC) with three scenarios including (1) The presence of domestic supplier in a monopoly market, (2) The arrival of a foreign rival to the competitive market, and (3) The government intervention in a competitive market. Three scenarios under non-cooperative Nash game are modeled and formulated for two types of solar cells, dye-sensitized and perovskite. The obtained solutions of three scenarios from the game models are put in a mathematical model for a solar cell powerhouse. In this multi-period multi-product mathematical model, the degradation of the solar cells is considered. In the meantime, solar cell powerhouse as one of the end-users of solar energy deals with the degradation by substitution solar panels. The proposed model determines how many solar panels/ modules from two kinds of it should be installed and substituted in each period and which scenario to be selected. Finally, it is represented a numerical example, sensitive analysis, and management insights for the proposed model.

Introduction

Owing to the environmental problems driven by fossil fuels, it is better to use renewable energies [1]. Solar energy as one of the clean energies is able to convert solar energy into electrical energy directly [2]. Solar cells are known based on the different characteristics and kinds of material employed within them. The use of different materials within cells influences the improvement of efficiency [3]. Efficiency plays an important role in improving the electricity output of the solar cells [4] and each of the solar cells has a different efficiency. In addition to efficiency, considering the new technologies in manufacturing cells is also significant. Also, one of the important points of producing solar cells is the availability of materials and the use of safe material without environmental impacts in manufacturing cells [5]. Regarding a 20-year lifetime for solar cells, the efficiency of solar systems should maintain during these years through used methods in manufacturing cells, initial materials, and the installation of solar systems in a good environmental situation [6]. On the other hands, the photovoltaic (PV) technologies have positive impacts on efficiency, stability, the decline in the costs of balanced solar systems, and the reduction in modules costs [7]. In other words, the effect of production technology, used material, reliability, and device design enhance efficiency [8]. In solar cells market, there are different types of cells, for example, organic photovoltaic cells, dye-sensitized solar cells, thin film cells, silicon cells, perovskites, etc. Solar cells are introduced based on the kinds of the generation that the third generation of solar cells is dye-sensitized solar cells, and perovskite solar cells are also considered as the fourth generation.