Abstract

Oral cavity stem cells (OCSCs) have been the focus of intense scientific efforts due to their accessibility and stem cell properties. The present work aims to compare the different characteristics of 6 types of dental stem cells derived from the oral cavity: dental pulp stem cells (DPSC), stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED), periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSC), stem cells from the apical papilla (SCAP), bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSC), and gingival mesenchymal stem cells (GMSC). Using immunofluorescence and real-time polymerase chain reaction techniques, we analysed the cells for stem cell, differentiation, adhesion, and extracellular matrix markers; the ability to proliferate in vitro; and multilineage differentiation potential. Markers such as vimentin, CD44, alkaline phosphatase, CD146, CD271, CD49f, Oct 3/4, Sox 9, FGF7, nestin, and BMP4 showed significant differences in expression levels, highlighting the heterogeneity and unique characteristics of each cell type. At the same time, we confirmed that all cell types successfully differentiated into osteogenic, chondrogenic, or adipose lineages, with different readiness. In conclusion, our study reveals the distinct properties and potential applications of various dental-derived stem cells. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of OCSCs and their significance in future clinical applications.

Introduction

Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) exhibit high proliferation ability and multilineage differentiation potential. They were the first mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to be described, isolated from adults’ bone marrow aspirate.1 They have been extensively researched in human and animal model systems using in vivo and in vitro cell cultures. Further, they have bridged the divide and are integrated into various trials for clinical applications, with mixed success.2,3 BMSCs are not easily accessible, and an invasive procedure is required. Therefore, further research in the field, aiming at identifying alternative stem cell sources, has led to the discovery of oral cavity stem cells (OCSCs).

Currently, several different types of OCSCs are well known, including dental pulp stem cells (DPSC), stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED), periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSC), stem cells from the apical papilla (SCAP), dental follicle stem cells (DFSC), and gingival mesenchymal stem cells (GMSC).

Conclusions

This analysis of oral cavity–derived stem cells has exposed distinct and specific expression patterns of surface markers, ECM components, ECM remodelling enzymes, collagen genes, integrins, and differentiation potential. These findings may provide insights into the functional properties of these cell populations. Оur study aims to uncover the nuanced characteristics specific to each distinct cell type. Through experimentation and analysis, we anticipate to not only understand their individual functionalities but also gain deeper insights into their collective behaviour. Understanding both their shared characteristics and distinct attributes is an important step in using their regenerative potential in various tissue repair and regeneration contexts, thereby advancing the field of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. By contributing meaningfully to the advancement of knowledge in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering, we aspire to pave the way for transformative breakthroughs in health care.