مقاله انگلیسی رایگان در مورد چشم انداز اقتصاد اجتماعی و فنی و سیاسی در انتقال انرژی چینی (الزویر)

Electricity systems are featured by sunk investments, high entry barriers, long operating lifetimes and complementary capital investments [1]. They are also strongly path dependent and deeply embedded in society in terms of norms, values, laws, modes of governance, social relations and culture [2]. These features have justified vertically integrated monopolistic or oligopolistic supply system of electricity. They enable incumbent suppliers to capitalize on the excess rents to gain comparably large power and resources to pursue regulatory capture [3], to compensate opposition stakeholder groups [1], and to tame the media to propagate legitimacy of the prevailing regime widely to the population [4]. Longer reign of ruling party-incumbent supplier alliance ensures stable supply of excess rents, further reinforcing the prevailing socio-technical regime [3]. This makes the regime be prone to technological and institutional lock-in, and become so economically, institutionally and politically entrenched that is difficult to reconfigure [5]. The system also generates a number of problems that dissatisfy the society. These include: full cost pricing that over-incentivize capacity investment and fossil fuel and nuclear fuel consumption; inefficient supply and high electricity price that may harm industrial competitiveness and/or income distribution; lack of customized services; and lack of accountability and participation [6].