مقاله انگلیسی رایگان در مورد تاثیر خصوصی سازی بر توانایی و فعالیت بازاریابی (الزویر)

Conventional wisdom holds that the privatization of industry is necessary for a successful transition from central planning to the free market in Central and Eastern Europe Arendarski et al., 1994; Buck- Ž ley and Ghauri, 1994; Estrin, 1994a; Ewing et al., 1993; Hare, 1994; Krawczyk and Lopez-Lopez, 1993 . Under the former socialist system, excess . demand was endemic and state-planned industrial policies centred on the achievement of production targets by protected state-owned enterprises SOEs. Conversely, it is expected that liberalization and privatization will engender radical shifts in company orientations, practices and performances and, through these, major long-term improvements in national income and economic well-being Hare, 1993; Healey, Ž 1994; Naor, 1994; Tovias, 1994; Estrin, 1994a; Lieberman, 1993 . Indeed, the destinies of many . countries in Central and Eastern Europe are currently dependent on the realization of these expected outcomes. The reforms have already facilitated free trade with attractive Western countries and incentivised Western foreign direct investment to enhance transfers of capital, technology, managerial expertise and labour skills Frydman et al., 1993; Glowacki, Ž 1991; Lyles and Baird, 1994; Neimans, 1993; Wright et al., 1993.