مقاله انگلیسی رایگان در مورد تاثیر ریسک پذیری نوآوری های خدمات (الزویر)

The pasttwo decades have witnessed an increasing policy interest in using innovation to improve the quality and efficiency of public services and thus to produce large benefits from social welfare maximization (Arundel et al., 2015; Brown and Osborne, 2013). Yet there is a broad understanding in the economics of innovation literature that the process of innovation carries significant risks and therefore requires organizations to tolerate both risk-taking and failure (Dodgson et al., 2005). Nevertheless, the pursuit of effi- ciency in public services often involves the reverse, with a stress on the downside of risk and support for a culture of risk aversion (Potts, 2009; Ritchie, 2014). In public services, an organizational culture of risk aversion is exacerbated by the vulnerability of users of public services and by the intense and relentless political and media scrutiny that such services receive (Borins, 2001; Chen and Bozeman, 2012). Other causes for a cautionary approach to risk-taking and failure include the difficulties of achieving (and measuring) innovation success (Hartley, 2005), bureaucratic norms that emphasize rules over results and processes over outcomes (Boyne, 2002), and the asymmetric relationship between those bearing the risk involved in innovation and those garnering the reward or incentive (Albury, 2005; Ritchie, 2014). As a result, a risk-averse culture is thought to act as a major impediment to innovation in public services (Brown and Osborne, 2013; Potts, 2009). Yetthis view, while widely embraced in the literature, has rarely been tested empirically. Several surveys of public managers have provided descriptive data showing that risk aversion is not a major barrier to the development of innovations (Bugge et al., 2011; Gallup Organization, 2011; UK National Audit Office (NAO), 2000), but none examined the effect of risk aversion on the benefits (or otherwise)frominnovation, or took a holistic approach to understand the configurations of conditions under which risk aversion can spur or stifle innovation success.