مقاله انگلیسی رایگان در مورد فعالیت های کلیدی، متغیرهای تصمیم گیری و شاخص های عملکرد لجستیک معکوس (الزویر)

Reverse logistics (RL) has gained increasing attention among researchers and practitioners of operation and supply chain management because of growing green concern, sustainable development, fierce global competition, future legislation, increased product return, environmentally consciousness of customers and so on. It is the process of planning, implementing and controlling backward flows of raw materials, in-process inventory, packaging and finished goods, from a manufacturing, distribution or use point, to a point of recovery or point of proper disposal(De Brito and Dekker 2002). Design and implementation of reverse logistics is very different from forward logistics. The forward logistics include series of activities in the process of converting raw materials to finished products. Whereas reverse logistics is concerned about the recovery of returned products from customer to recovery point. The major differences between forward and reverse logistics are in term of quality, transportation, cost, inventory, packaging, pricing, routing, forecasting, etc. Reverse logistics starts with the collection of returned products from customers. Out of the returned products, the products which can be reused after minor repair are sent to distributor and the rest are forwarded to disassembly center to disassemble into parts. To check reusability of parts, sorting and testing is done parallel to disassembly. Here the parts are divided into different categories depending on their residual quality and different end-of-life options available, like refurbishable parts, recyclable parts and disposable parts. The parts which can be refurbished are sent to refurbishing center. The parts which have no value recovery, but can be used for material recovery are sent to recycling center and the rest of parts are disposed off. Therefore, the reverse logistics activities can be divided into three main stages, i.e. collection, inspection and sorting, and product recovery.A generalized framework for closed-loop supply chain (Jindal and Sangwan 2014) is shown in Fig. 1.