Abstract

Geopolitical and economic uncertainties lead to growing volatility by lowering credit flows (allocations and disbursements), resulting in a sharp plunge in industrial and marketing activities. Despite this, studies on how business to business (B2B) marketing disruptions caused by geopolitical tension and economic policy uncertainty impede industrial value creation and sustainable development, are scarce. We examine the influence of geopolitical tension and economic policy uncertainty on sustainable development through the channel of B2B marketing in the case of group of 20 (G20), group of 7 (G7) and Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa (BRICS) nations over 1990–2019. We utilize the Quantiles via Moments approach to analyze panel time series data due to its potential to deal with country- and region-specific heterogeneity and non-linear relationships. Our findings disclose that geopolitical tensions have a monotonic negative effect on industrial value-added triggered by B2B marketing in the BRICS countries. Contrarily, such tensions have no significant influence on industrial value-added and sustainable development in the G20 and G7 nations. Besides, industrial value-addition (foreign and domestic) augmented by B2B marketing positively affects sustainable development. Also, the effect of economic policy uncertainty on industrial value-added and sustainable development is monotonically favorable. In contrast, economic policy uncertainty-augmented industrial value-added adversely affects sustainable development steadily. Briefly, the empirical outcomes unveil significant economic implications, delineating that B2B firms are confronted with many challenges resulting from the vagaries of geopolitical and economic policy uncertainty soliciting disruption in their sustainable marketing operations.

Introduction

The efficacy of Business-to-Business (B2B) marketing transcends beyond the conventional boundaries of profit generation, as it plays a crucial role in promoting the “better marketing for a better world” ideology (Chandy, Johar, Moorman, & Roberts, 2021) that harmonizes with the seemingly elusive issue of sustainable development (Voola, Bandyopadhyay, Voola, Ray, & Carlson, 2022). In embracing accessible and inclusive B2B marketing approaches, firms can forge ahead by fostering sustainable production and consumption of goods and services that ultimately generate job opportunities for people (Voola et al., 2022), establish profit-generating partnership-network marketing (Tsao, Raj, & Yu, 2019), and facilitate responsible service offerings that effectively preserve the earth’s ecosystem (Olsen, Slotegraaf, & Chandukala, 2014). Thus, in consideration of the triple bottom line – prioritizing people, profit, and the planet – the fundamentals of sustainability-based parameters in B2B marketing are indispensable in global industrial development processes.

Moreover, B2B marketing approaches unlock pathways that enrich the scale of industrial value-added, paving the way for enhanced firm-level production and marketing capacity. Essentially, firms can leverage a plethora of B2B resources including marketing knowledge and strategies (Bratti & Felice, 2012), technology transfer and refinement (Pham, Le Monkhouse, & Barnes, 2017), as well as dynamic marketing capabilities (Hoque, Nath, Ahammad, Tzokas, & Yip, 2022). Unfortunately, B2B marketing practices are vulnerable to disruptions triggered by geopolitical and economic policy uncertainties, along with institutional disparities (Ju, Murray, Kotabe and Gao, 2011). This perilous concern further hindered B2C marketing endeavors by influencing the purchasing intentions of both individual consumers and end-users (Wichmann, Uppal, Sharma, & Dekimpe, 2022). This can abruptly halt the supply of materials, goods, and services produced by these enterprises (Craighead, Blackhurst, Rungtusanatham, & Handfield, 2007), leading to ineffective knowledge management processes that are required to stimulate industrial value-added and sustainable development (Martin, Javalgi, & Ciravegna, 2020). In light of this, there is a need for a comprehensive study to explore how disruptions in B2B relationships can affect the value-added of marketing-driven industries and contribute to sustainable development, particularly in global influential blocs such as the G20, G7, and BRICS.

Implications and conclusion

The present study makes a significant contribution to the existing B2B marketing literature, providing empirical evidence on the impact of macro-environmental conditions (specifically, geopolitical risks and economic policy uncertainty) on B2B marketing disruptions and how such disruptions impede industrial value-added and sustainable development. By analyzing panel data spanning from 1990 to 2019, our study sheds light on the macro-environmental context, offering practical insights into how B2B marketing-driven industrial value-added and sustainable development can be influenced proactively for dominant global blocs like G20, G7, and BRICS.

We employ the quantiles via moments to analyze data from these economic blocs, while also accounting for country and region-specific disparities. Our findings indicate that while geopolitical risks have no significant negative impact on industrial value-added resulting from B2B marketing operations in G20 and G7 blocs, the BRICS alliance suffer from the negative consequences of the phenomenon across all quantiles. Furthermore, economic policy uncertainty has a monotonic, positive influence on all quantiles for all three blocs, while B2B marketing-driven industrial value-added (both foreign and domestic) promotes sustainable development. Moreover, our study finds that while geopolitical risks and these risks-augmented industrial value-added have no significant effect, economic policy uncertainty-augmented industrial value-added hampers sustainable development in these economies.

Abstract

The primary objective of this research is to examine the effects of green knowledge management (GKM) on green technological innovation (GTI) and sustainable performance in construction firms. The study also investigates the role of artificial intelligence (AI) as a moderator of the relationship between GKM and green human capital (GHC). A survey questionnaire was used to obtain data from 309 construction firms in Pakistan, and the AMOS-24 and SPSS PROCESS macro software packages were used to test the hypotheses. The findings revealed that GKM had significant positive impacts on GTI and long-term performance. Aspects of GIC (e.g., green structural capital, green relational capital, and green human capital) were found to be significant mediators of GKM and GTI interactions and correlations between GKM and sustainable performance. Furthermore, the study showed that AI significantly influenced the relationship between GKM and GHC. The study’s findings have important theoretical and practical implications for organizations and governments. The study theoretically contributes to the knowledge-based view of the firm by providing empirical evidence of the role of various GIC characteristics as mediators in the interactions between GKM, GTI, and sustainable performance. In practice, the findings suggest that firms can improve GTI and sustainable performance by investing in GKM and GIC.

Introduction

Nineteenth-century industrialism successfully lifted millions of people from poverty. However, this economic success caused environmental and resource degradation (Dahlquist, 2021). This raises the following question: Is damage to the environment necessary for economic stability? Despite the abundance of natural resources, their vulnerability to climate change jeopardizes emerging economies’ economic progress. For decades, governments have been eager to set rules and standards to ensure the environmentally friendly production of goods and services (Khan, 2022; Mehmood et al., 2022; Sana, 2020). The United Nations (UN) established its Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to safeguard and enhance social and environmental conditions (Ham et al., 2021). In response, firms have started to recognize the importance of environmental preservation, and have been inspired to modernize their operations and management frameworks. Previous studies have shown the importance of business capabilities to the development of innovations that uncover new uses for existing goods, expertise, and resources (Hui & Khan, 2022; Khan & Khan, 2021). As innovation frequently necessitates the acquisition and application of new knowledge (Berraies & Zine El Abidine, 2019), knowledge assets are an essential resource for firms.

The capacity of an organization to gain and keep knowledge determines its failure or success (Argote et al., 2000). Firms use knowledge to boost customer satisfaction and gain a competitive edge (Dabbous & Tarhini, 2019). Knowledge management (KM) has grown in popularity in the corporate world over the last few years (Caputo et al., 2019; Kianto, 2011). It is regarded as an essential element in strategizing, developing new goods and services, and managing operations (Donate & de Pablo, 2015). An efficient KM system can boost a firm’s effectiveness (Brachos et al., 2007). Moreover, given ecological challenges, vibrant firms have broadened the scope of KM and begun to integrate environmental issues into business knowledge (Sahoo et al., 2022).

Discussion

By applying a KBV framework, this study tested the relationships between GKM, GTI, and sustainable performance through GIC. This study also tested the moderating effects of AI on the relationships between GKM and the three GIC components. To the best of our knowledge, this study is among the first to test these relationships in the construction industry, which is famous for its destructive impacts on the environment (Kinnunen et al., 2022). The findings add to the literature on KM, innovation, sustainability, and AI by using an experimental approach to produce insights with theoretical and practical implications and to identify new areas for future research. The findings are described below.

This investigation of GKM’s effects on GTI and sustainable performance yielded noteworthy findings. The empirical evidence is consistent with studies that found organizational resources to be positively associated with green innovation (Su et al., 2020; Wang et al., 2022). Sahoo et al. (2022) found a similar connection between GKM and green innovation and green performance. This important conclusion suggests that Pakistani construction firms can improve their GTI and sustainable performance by applying GKM. The findings demonstrate that GKM has a positive influence on GIC. The results corroborate previous research showing a similar positive association (Martín-Rubio, 2021; Sahoo et al., 2022), and are consistent with the idea that firms can improve their GIC if they have resources and GKM competencies.

Abstract

     Digital technology has gained growing importance in professional accounting as it serves as a uniquely situated place where departments and disciplines interact around both official and non-official operations. Application of digital technology has the ability for performing a set of standards of work, develop models and generate best quality of digital information and inform to the higher authority. It noticed to various informations related with the organizational function into a standard line of execution with the principles of sustainable development. Digital technology in professional accounting research is increasingly focusing on procedures created by professional accountants with the goal of ensuring a company’s long-term success. The integration of social and environmental data into financial reports has been characterized by some organizations as a way to adapt and enhance international reporting requirements. The study’s primary objective is to increase public awareness of the accounting profession’s contribution to national sustainable development. Because of this, we will depend on a documentary study of national and international laws for attaining organizational business goals in the matter of how digital technology influences the accounting profession for this proposed article. Thus, in order to achieve our organizational business goals, it is also referred different studies of national and international laws pertaining to the use of digital technology in the accounting profession.

Introduction

     Sustainability is a term which has been prominent in the last two decades and which has to be integrated into all aspects of our societal, economic, and environmental existence. It means to live in the present and to honor the history and to preserve the future. The United Nations and other organizations created 17 sustainable development goals in 2015, using digital technologies, replacing the 8 Millennium Goals set in 2000. Sustainability economics, society, and environment may work together in three aspects to accomplish sustainable development goals. Achieving these goals needs skilled accountants and accountants [1]. Fayez Choudhary, International Accountant Federation Executive Director, has emphasized the significance of the accounting profession to help achieve these objectives directly or indirectly. Thus, accountants have a variety of options to address the problems of sustainable development [2] via their talents and expertise. Recently, the accounting profession was emphasized for its critical role in attaining these goals. “Accountants may use their skills and knowledge to help solve issues of sustainable development” [2]. With their unique position at the intersection of all sectors and departments, professional accountants are more and more important for developing sustainable development ideas in an organization’s continuous, coordinated execution. Professional accountants play an increasingly significant role in organizations, since they are uniquely positioned to establish standards, build models, and provide reporting information that determines the company’s consistency and participation in sustainable growth.

Discussion and Conclusion

     To sum up, digital technology has revolutionized the way we live. Professional accountants are actively involved in the business administration of a company where corporate sustainability efforts are promoted. As a consequence, the accounting profession should rethink its role in attaining the SDGs and work to include sustainable development ideas into decision-making at all levels, including commercial operations (management, budgetary projection, evaluation, and reporting). Therefore, accountants are strategic value builders, operational value suppliers, and reporting value maintainers and reporters. This will need a re-evaluation of the longterm development role of professional accountants. Accountants are responsible for sustainable reporting that is essential in order to collect information and promote sustainable development. Sustainability problems will be measured, recorded, and interpreted by accountants from organizations with substantial environmental or social effects. Environmental and social data will be required in future information and control management systems.

Abstract
Innovating manufacturing systems can substantially support a sustainable transformation of value creation across the industry towards higher sustainability maturity levels. The research presents a novel systems engineering approach for innovating manufacturing systems with a focus on sustainability. The systems engineering approach aims at supporting manufacturing companies in realizing sustainable innovations. It allows companies to cope with current and future global challenges while maintaining and improving their competitiveness. The concepts of integrated values and global innovation pathways set the research’s scope and practical relevance. A narrative literature review of the earlier and later phase of the sustainable-oriented innovation process is presented. The systems engineering approach for creating sustainable manufacturing innovations with a defined macro and micro cycle is introduced. The macro cycle determines the important design phases for the life cycle of the innovation while the micro cycle provides a process for finding sustainable solutions. A case study grounded on a start-up that developed an innovative wind turbine tower system is introduced for verifying, validating, and evaluating the proposed systems engineering approach within the application field of manufacturing large-scale products.

Introduction
The reactions of the global community to recent shocks, such as the Corona pandemic, droughts in Europe, or the war in Ukraine, demonstrate that the global community is insufficiently prepared both individually and collectively for disasters on a global scale. Among the most crucial short-term risks are, according to the World Economic Forum, crises in employment and livelihood, widespread youth disillusionment, digital inequality, economic stagnation, human-made environmental degradation, erosion of societal cohesion, and acts of violence (World Economic Forum , The Global Risks Report, 2021). These risks translate into long-term global challenges for the global community.

Against this backdrop of intensifying global challenges, manufacturing companies continue to apply individual business models within globalized value creation networks, i.e., the formation of inter-organizational cooperation to create value, often through technological advancements. Competitiveness in global markets is a major tenet of these networks with a focus on economic objectives, often without considering missed or detrimental environmental or social values. The concept of value must radically change for business activities in early and newly industrialized countries with the potential for establishing more sustainable practices that incorporated profit with social well-being and environmental stewardship (Neace, 1999; Cezarino et al., 2021). Value creation of companies needs to shift towards a modern paradigm with an emphasis on sustainable development and community resilience (Koliou et al., 2020; Neumann et al., 2021).

Conclusions

The research presented a novel systems engineering approach for creating sustainable innovations in manufacturing systems. The approach aims at supporting manufacturing companies in coping with the global challenges while maintaining and improving the competitiveness of the companies’ value creation. Against this backdrop, the research paper first discussed the concept of integrated values and global pathways of innovation for setting the scope and practical relevance of the research. Subsequently, the state-of-the-art based on a literature review for the earlier and later phase of the sustainable-oriented innovation process was described, and the resulting research gap, contribution, and novelty was specified. Then, the novel systems engineering approach for creating sustainable innovations in manufacturing systems, based on a specific macro and micro cycle was explained. The macro cycle determines the important design phases for the life cycle of the innovation while the micro cycle provides a process for finding sustainable solutions during the design process. For this purpose, the micro cycle utilizes specific sustainability principles which have been derived from the idea of integrated values and global pathways of innovation. A case study based on an innovative wind turbine tower system was introduced to verify, validate, and evaluate the proposed systems engineering approach. Eventually, the principal efficacy and limitations of the research were discussed taking into consideration the findings of the case study.

Abstract

Projects have become vital in initiating urban sustainability changes. In this study, we address the research gap regarding the dual role of a project in advancing change in public organizations and helping them to adopt roles in initiating and steering urban sustainability transitions. From a practice-theory perspective, we present longitudinal participatory action research on the activities of a project management team in a city organization. Our results show how praxes of a project team without hierarchical authoritative power to give orders or delegate change-related activities in the host organization create organization-level outcomes in the city’s organization and urban living lab contexts amongst external stakeholders. We contribute to project management studies by increasing the understanding of how short-term project activities foster long-term strategic changes in siloed and departmentalized host organizations while at the same time creating outcomes in the external urban living lab context. This provides novel insights into the evolving intermediary roles of projects that support city organizations in acting as leaders in urban sustainability transitions.

Introduction

Projects have become vital in initiating urban sustainability changes and there is a call for project studies focusing on sustainability transitions. Increasingly, cities and other host organizations use projects to become credible actors for sustainability. Sustainability transitions research (Köhler et al., 2019) has developed approaches to analyse the systemic nature of transitions, including the multi-level approach (MLP) and other, more horizontal approaches applied particularly in research on urban sustainability transitions (von Wirth et al., 2019). In project research, there is a rising orientation toward sustainability transitions. Most recently, Winch (2022) envisaged that projects in sustainability transitions will begin a new era in project research, Daniel (2022) developed an integrative framework between MLP and project research, and Bos-de Vos et al. (2022) studied system transformations through context dynamics, albeit not using the transition vocabulary. We contribute to the rising research orientation on projects supporting sustainability transitions with a focus on sustainability projects in city organizations.

Cities are key organizations in urban sustainability transitions. These transitions are multi-actor, multitemporal and multi-regime societal transformations coordinated by the city (Frantzeskaki et al., 2017). Niches that can instigate transitions in urban areas include urban living labs (ULL), in which sustainability innovations are created and experimented in collaboration between the city, companies, citizens, research institutes and other actors (Jørgensen, 2012, von Wirth et al., 2019). The transition accelerates when the niche innovations are translated and scaled up within and across cities to increase their transformative capacity. When they challenge the unsustainable regimes with the support from incumbent actors, they can gradually turn urban development into more sustainable pathways (Frantzeskaki et al., 2017). We recognize that sustainability transition in cities requires attention to two parallel directions. First, while cities are expected to be enablers of ULLs and the main leaders of urban sustainability transitions, they are not unitary actors, but rather divided into siloed bureaucratic departments in city administration. Each department tends to defend its own interests, conventional mindset, and budgetary status quo, and if these fragmented interests and practices are not aligned with the promotion of sustainability transitions, the city administration will lack the motivation to support multi-objective ULL projects and their continuities. Second, because experiments and projects are central to ULLs and essential to wider urban policy agendas for sustainability, it is questionable whether these short-term activities can support the long-term trajectories required for urban sustainability transitions (Torrens & von Wirth, 2021). While only the second challenge is in the focus of sustainability transitions research, the challenges are independent and create a dual-context problem in which a city organization has both internal and external barriers that hinder the promotion of urban sustainability transition.

Conclusions

Urban sustainability transitions that involve changes both in city organizations and the urban context represent a topical yet sparsely researched subject. By using project-as-practice approach and based on in-depth longitudinal action research to study a sustainability transition project in a city organization this research elucidates the ways in which a project enacts a dual role as both a niche intermediary in the urban context and an endogenous change facilitator within the city organization. Thus, the temporary short-term project increases the city organization’s transformative capacity to strengthen the city’s role as a leader in urban sustainability transitions in the long term. We show that the project practitioners’ enactment of sustainability transition in situated and emergent practices created favourable conditions for people to engage in sustainability change, challenged organizational boundaries and created commitment to sustainability transition across departments. This is evidence that the praxes in a sustainability project constitute and instantiate a macro-level sustainability change in the internal organizational context and the external ULL context.

The results of this paper have theoretical implications for the ongoing discussion of the roles of projects in sustainability transitions (Daniel, 2022; Winch, 2022; see also Winch et al., 2023). Daniel (2022) and Winch (2022) emphasize that projects with their teams and individuals are necessary on the level of technical execution, whereas host organizations promote the transition on the meso‑level through projects, portfolios, and programs. In terms of key aspects of project management (Pich et al., 2002), this division is based on instructionism (project using detailed, directive project planning and risk management) and selectionism (host organization putting several projects to work and then selecting the most promising results).

Abstract

Keywords

Introduction

Smart electric pole

Sustainable power unit

Conclusion

Data Availability Statement

Declaration of Competing Interest

References

Abstract

With the effective result of IoT architecture in all research areas, we propose IoT framework based energy efficient smart and intelligent street road lighting system that consist of IoT sensor bases smart electric pole with controller for tuning LED lamps. In our work we replace traditional metal halide lamps with mesophic design LED lamps based on human eye sensitivity and it provides significant saving of energy too. Based on the sensor unit information about traffic flow and presence and absence of occupant smart and intelligent decision making module compute intensity level that generate different width pulse using PWM dimming system which triggers LED power switch via DALI controller mounted inside LED Light Controller. For efficient use of sustainable energy resources we use sustainable power systems that consist of PV solar panel units, Battery storage systems and smart electric power grids. For the charging battery system we use MPPT based dynamic battery charging algorithm. From experiment and simulated result, we observe that proposed energy efficient Smart Street lighting saves considerable amount of energy during peak and off peak hours not only at highway roads but at residential and sub-urban pedestrian areas also.

Introduction

Sustainable energy is the method of utilizing energy in an efficient way and at the same time satisfying the needs of the modern world. Sustainable energy can be used in economic, social and environmental issues. An efficient sustainable energy management system can be achieved by using renewable resources in all the possible ways, using sustainable energy resources, using alternative energy resources, making use of smart systems, implementing IoT systems, implementing green technologies. The smart system is the technique, which is used to embed the modern technology into functions already used by the world. In terms of smart system, the information about utility system and traffic flow of the large cities is extracted with the help of sensor also it analysis the pattern of information for prediction. Then, the ability to transfer data over a network without the help of human-to-computer or human-to-human interaction is called IoT or internet of things system and the green technology is used to explain the functions of science and technology to develop products as environmental friendly. Some of the examples of green technology is water purification, conserve natural resources, clan energy creation and waste recycle management. It is also used in digital and mechanical machines, objects and in correlated computing devices.

Abstract

     Security and privacy in the Internet of Things (IoT) other significant challenges, primarily because of the vast scale and deployment of IoT networks. Blockchain-based solutions support decentralized protection and privacy. In this study, a private blockchain-based smart home network architecture for estimating intrusion detection empowered with a Fused Real-Time Sequential Deep Extreme Learning Machine (RTS-DELM) system model is proposed. This study investigates the methodology of RTS-DELM implemented in blockchain-based smart homes to detect any malicious activity. The approach of data fusion and the decision level fusion technique are also implemented to achieve enhanced accuracy. This study examines the numerous key components and features of the smart home network framework more extensively. The Fused RTS-DELM technique achieves a very significant level of stability with a low error rate for any intrusion activity in smart home networks. The simulation findings indicate that this suggested technique successfully optimizes smart home networks for monitoring and detecting harmful or intrusive activities.

Introduction

     A smart home is connected to the Internet, allowing users to manage a variety of smart gadgets, each of which serves an important purpose in the home for the user and their family. The IoT is the foundation of an intelligent home network, connecting disparate intelligent devices such as smartphones, smart computers, and wearable devices. Citizens’ lives can be made easier and safer by making their homes more open and secure. The smart home provides useful resources such as monitoring habits and even safety tests, which have compelled consumers and system developers to conduct extensive research.

     Blockchain-type systems and unified “cloud-like” computing networks can be used to solve these problems. Blockchain was developed in 2008 by Satoshi Nakamoto and includes a time-stamped set of malicious evidence documentation managed by a network of autonomous networks [1]. Blockchain architecture consists of a series of blocks linked together by simple cryptography. The three main concepts underlying the operation of blockchain technologies are inflexibility, decentralization, and transparency. The three roles have been remarkably effective, exposing them to a wide range of digital currency technologies, such as the functionality of mobile vehicles, mobile phones, and embedded systems. While the blockchain platform is secure and anonymous, there are some issues with its current implementation. For example, Sybil attacks by generations of false identities to manipulate the community have become more complex.

Conclusions

     In this study, the idea of a smart contract in blockchain technology is employed to validate the user’s identity for accessibility to centralized smart home services. The most significant benefit of this research is the demonstration of how easy it is to receive facilities and how secure the resources are. There is no need to have redundant authentication because no other third-party users can access smart home systems, even if another user tries to access an already used resource. Intrusion detection in smart homes, especially in the context of assessment and prediction, remains a key concern. In the meantime, recent advances in the blockchain and machine learning sectors have demonstrated tremendous promise to accomplish these aims. Discussing the need for an efficient approach, this study provided a compact and efficient mechanism for intrusion prevention. An RTS-DELM approach was developed, and also data fusion techniques were presented to optimize multi-sensor networks. Numerous measures were used to assess the feasibility of the proposal. The consistency of RTS-DELM findings showed that the proposed method is more successful than others. The suggested RTS-DELM solution obtained an exceptionally high rate of success, showing 95.28% accuracy. The findings obtained are encouraging, and we will continue to investigate more applications for the device through the deployment of more datasets and varying frameworks.

Abstract

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Abstract

In recent years, the world’s population living in cities has been rapidly increasing. Cities are transforming their infrastructure in a smarter and more efficient way so that sustainable development forms part of their long-term strategy. However, this transformation does not always result in expected benefits due to a variety of factors such as an absence of social acceptance, a lack of holistic design and the development of unilateral interventions. An analysis of the scientific literature related to the evaluation of the impact of smart city actions revealed a gap in the holistic methods for their assessment. To this end, an accurate evaluation of implemented smart solutions focusing on the energy domain is necessary in order to assess the expected and realized impact of each solution. This paper proposes a seven-step methodology for assessing the impact of smart city interventions and presents a use case for the city of Espoo. A number of major findings were the outcome of our research and development work, such as the need for a thorough analysis of the long-term vision of the city, a combined top-down and bottom-up approach and the ongoing cooperation between all stakeholders involved in urban planning and transformation, in which necessary Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) are defined.

1. Introduction

1.1. The Necessity of Impact Assessment
According to the United Nations [1] 68% of the world’s population is projected to live in urban areas by the year 2050; cities, therefore, are anticipated to face new challenges in sustainably integrating further populace, such as a lack of appropriate infrastructure for sustainable energy and automated systems, applications and commercial arrangements, digital security, network connectivity and data capacity [2]. Cities will be required to transform their infrastructures in a smarter, more efficient and resilient way so that sustainable development forms part of their long-term strategy and a better quality of life is assured to their citizens. The concept of the smart city is multidimensional [3], with the aim of increasing urban sustainability and quality of life while pursuing economic development among its citizens [4]. Additionally, sustainability has gained popularity among scholars, environmental policy makers and government agencies [5]. However, a smart city is not just about creating technically viable urban areas and stimulating economic growth; it requires a multifaceted and multidimensional approach that promotes a structural transformation in the urban ecosystem, directing the development of cities towards their “smartness” in areas such as economy, governance, social, environment, mobility and ICT [6].

Abstract

     Many standards, projects, and platforms are being developed as the Internet of Things (IoT) is adopted in a wide range of fields. However, because each IoT platform is based on a different resource identifier (ID), it is difficult to identify each device and use the service among heterogeneous IoT platforms. To solve this problem, we propose an interoperability framework that includes an IoT resource name system (RNS) based on analysis of the resource IDs (i.e., device ID and resource request formats) of five selected IoT platforms: oneM2M, Oliot, Watson IoT, IoTivity, and FIWARE. The IoT RNS converts a specific resource path into a resource request format for each platform. The converted resource path is shared among IoT RNSs for each platform, and users can request services from other platforms using converted resource paths. We also present an example of interoperability scenario among heterogeneous IoT platforms using the proposed IoT RNS in a smart city. The scenario includes each stage, such as resource registration and deletion, sharing mapping tables, converting resource addresses, and service requests. Furthermore, to prove the aims of the proposed approach, we implemented the resource interoperability scenario between oneM2M and FIWARE. In the experiments, resources can interwork in the two platforms through resource path conversion. Based on the results, we performed a qualitative evaluation of the IoT RNS with the current studies. In conclusion, our proposal overcomes the issues of building an existing integrated platform or specific central ontology and duplicating resources inside the platform. In addition, we separate the functions of the root and local IoT RNSs to solve communication traffic and memory capability issues.

Introduction

     Internet of Things (IoT) technology is developing and expanding in various fields such as smart homes, healthcare, smart cities, logistics, and smart car. The international standard, “ISO/IEC 20924:2018 Information technology—Internet of Things (IoT)—Vocabulary” (ISO/IEC, 2021), defines the IoT as the “infrastructure of interconnected entities, people systems, and information resources together with services that process and react to information from the physical and virtual world.” In other words, the IoT is hyper-connectivity among smart things, services, and humans to provide useful and seamless services regardless of the types of networks, devices, and platforms and with minimum human involvement. These technologies, related standards, projects, and platforms are continuously being developed (Lee et al., 2021). In particular, IoT platforms are an essential factor in providing interoperability because they support the network connection to various devices (e.g., sensors and access points) and provide services to users. According to the IoT Platform Companies Landscape & Database 2020, the official number of IoT platform companies in the open market is more than 620, up from 450 in 2017. For example, many platforms (e.g., AllSeen Alliance AllJoyn, Apple HomeKit, oneM2M, FIWARE, Google Cloud IoT, GS1 Oliot, IBM Watson IoT, Microsoft Azure, and OCF IoTivity) are being developed to provide various services. Therefore, interoperability, such as requesting services and sharing resources among diverse IoT platforms, is important, and it is an essential factor for building a real IoT environment that provides seamless services regardless of the type of IoT platform.

Conclusion

     IoT technology is rapidly expanding in many fields, including smart homes, logistics, automobiles, healthcare, and smart cities, and related standards, projects, and IoT platforms are constantly being developed and improved. However, the numerous platforms and related standards make it difficult to achieve interoperability and collaboration among platforms. In particular, identifying each resource among heterogeneous IoT platforms is challenging due to various ID formats.

     In order to solve this problem, we firstly classified interoperability taxonomy in IoT environments into middleware, network, syntactic, and semantic interoperability, with common security factors for each case. In addition, we proposed an IoT RNS architecture and scenario in a smart city to convert IDs between heterogeneous IoT platforms. Finally, we compared the proposed IoT RNS with existing projects under development and showed it satisfies the interoperability in the heterogeneous IoT platforms.

     Future studies will expand interoperability by considering security and implementation-related issues in a real environment. Device authentication and authorization will be added to resource sharing among heterogeneous platforms to address particular security issues. Defining these security policies and applying them to IoT RNS will allow restrictions to be applied for unauthorized access to heterogeneous platform resources.

Abstract

     Sustainable development has gained the attention of researchers worldwide and is becoming an important topic, especially in relation to corporate governance principles. This study investigates the influence of corporate governance on sustainable development in a sample of 185 countries over 2005–2020 using a panel linear regression model. Separate analyses are also conducted on subsamples of high- and low-income countries. Our findings highlight the positive influence of corporate governance, as measured by board efficacy, the strength of audits and reports, and digitalisation, on sustainable development, as measured by the Human Development Index, Human Capital Index, and Environmental Performance Index. Moreover, we find a higher positive and marginal effect of the influence of corporate governance on sustainable development for low-income countries than for high-income countries. The robustness checks performed using variables related to the happiness index, women in top management positions, and technology adoption verify our results. Our findings are important for managers and policymakers to consolidate sustainable development through the incentive brought about by high-quality corporate governance.

Introduction

     The well-being of a company should be a common interest of all engaged parties. Although researchers have long emphasised the importance of corporate governance principles (Nedelchev, 2013), Howell and Sorour (2016) raised the importance of implementing good practices to ensure organizational well-being. Hashanah and Mazlina (2005) also underlined the corporate governance elements that directly hamper the healthy development of society. Thus, implementing good corporate governance principles ensures the positive and therefore sustainable development of the business.

     Various studies have analyzed the relationships between corporate governance and corporate social responsibility (CSR) (Achim et al., 2017; Crane & Matten, 2007; Kolk & Pinkse, 2010) as well as between CSR and sustainable development (Kahraman Akdogu, 2017; Truant et al., 2017). However, few studies (e.g., De Luca, 2020; Dienes et al., 2016) have investigated the direct relationship between corporate governance and sustainable development. To bridge this gap in the literature, we analyze the impact of corporate governance on social and environmental performance as well as compare the influence of corporate governance in high- and low-income countries. We use a sample of 185 countries over 2005–2020 and panel linear regressions. To validate our main results, we also check their robustness using variables such as the happiness index, women in top management positions, and technology adoption. The results show that the level of sustainable development increases when the use of corporate governance best practices increases. Moreover, we find that corporate governance has a higher impact on the low-income countries than in the high-income countries than

Conclusions

     This study investigated the influence of corporate governance on sustainable development using a panel linear regression model applied to a sample of 185 countries over 2005–2020. Separate analyses were also conducted for high- and low-income countries. Our findings highlight the positive influence of corporate governance on sustainable development measured by the HDI, HCI, and EPI. In addition, we find a higher positive and marginal effect of the influence of corporate governance on sustainable development for low-income countries than for high-income countries.

     Further, we find that high-quality public governance, a high level of urbanisation, and low unemployment increase sustainable development. Culture impacts the sustainable development of a society markedly for both high- and low-income countries, but this effect is particularly high in the latter. The robustness checks performed using the supplementary variables of the happiness index, women in top management positions, and technology adoption verify our results.

Abstract

     Sustainable development requires concerted effort and persistence on various fronts using available resources and technological tools to improve the quality of life. Global sustainability goals are designed to benefit developments in all walks of life of the present and future generations. To attain global sustainability, every country should make best efforts with the available resources and shared means. This paper analyses the case of Saudi Arabia in achieving sustainability through innovations and Information technology in key areas of national development. The contribution of this research is to provide a comprehensive understanding of the key projects undertaken by Saudi Arabia to transform the nation into modernity and prosperity by means of cutting-edge technologies and tools. This study shows that the innovation, science and technology play critical role towards achieving sustainable development. Conclusions of this study can serve as an example to achieve sustainability in other parts of the world.

Introduction

     There are many definitions and interpretations of sustainability. In simple words, sustainability amounts to meeting needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Sustainability improves the quality of our lives, protects our ecosystem and preserves natural resources for future generations. Global sustainability defines the conditions under which humans and nature, societies and the biosphere, the world and the Earth can coexist in ways that enable productive harmony, stability and resilience to support present and future generations. The sustainable development goals are aimed at achieving a prosperous future for all. They address the challenge and solve the problems we face, like poverty, inequality, climate change, environmental degradation, peace and justice. These are the common global issues although different countries may face additional problems due to the factors associated with their region and society. A critical view of Sustainability developments is presented in [1].

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK

     Sustainable development allows every individual, organization and society across the globe to accomplish sustainable goals. Sometimes due to various factors and issues, technologies and inno-vations either do not improve the situation. This may happen due to the absence of an adequate profitable market or lack of adequate infrastructure or coordination among the stakeholders. To overcome these hurdles, in this paper we have argued how successfully the emerging and modern technologies are being used in Saudi Arabia. During the ongoing pandemic, a humanitarian crisis and disaster, use of technological tools have been effectively used. This study shows that the KSA has overcome many obstacles and is marching towards tremendous progress and sustainability in many fields. This has been possible, largely, due to the use of latest technologies. The countries of the regions, especially those in the Middle East and Northern Africa should follow the example of Saudi Arabia.