Abstract
Objectives
This study aims to determine the rates of clinically-significant anxiety and depressive symptoms during the immediate postpartum in a sample of women referred to a university maternity department, as well as the associated risk factors and the relations with the level of maternal bonding.

Patients and methods
During the third national lockdown for the COVID-19 pandemic (February-April 2021), on days 2–3 after delivery 127 mothers were administrated the Edinburgh postnatal depression scale (EPDS), the state-trait anxiety inventory (STAI-YA), the mother-to-infant bonding scale (MIBS) and questions issued from the coronavirus health impact survey questionnaire (CRISIS).

Results
The rate of perinatal clinically-significant symptoms were 17% for depression (EPDS cut-off ≥ 12) and 15% for anxiety (STAI-YA cut-off ≥ 40). In the multivariate analysis, being a single mother, risk of being infected by the SARS-CoV2, risk that a close relative might be infected by the SARS-CoV2 and the length of stay in maternity were associated with an increased EPDS total score, while breastfeeding was associated with a lower EPDS total score. Six variables remained positively associated with the STAI-YA total score in the multivariate model: the maternal level of academic achievement, a hospitalization during the pregnancy, peripartum medical complications, risk of being infected by the SARS-CoV2, risk of a close relative being infected by the SARS-CoV2 and physical fatigue. Low but statistically significant correlations were found between the MIBS total score and the EPDS total score (rs = 0.26) and with the STAI-YA total score (rs = 0.26).

Discussion
The observed rates of anxiety and depressive symptoms were in the same range as those reported in observational studies conducted in high-resource countries during the COVID-19 pandemic. Risk of being infected by the SARS-CoV2 was both an independent risk factor for anxiety and depressive symptoms. The relations between the measure of maternal bonding and the severity of maternal emotional symptoms call for a better consideration of the long-term consequences of the pandemic on children’s socio-emotional development.

Introduction
     Cumulative evidence supports an increased risk of maternal peripartum psychological difficulties since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic [1], [2], [3], [4], [5], [6]. The meta-analysis conducted by Zhang and Yu [3] found an average prevalence of 43% for anxiety and of 32% for depression among pregnant women exposed to the context of the pandemic. These figures conceal although significant disparity across countries, with in particular a more substantial increase of postpartum depressive symptoms in low-resource compared to high-resource countries [7]. The capacity of the healthcare professionals providing adapted mental health interventions and care continuity during the pandemic appears a key moderator factor of maternal psychopathology risk [8], [9]. In line with this, Chmielewska and Barratt [7] found that the estimated efficiency of the national health care system was a stronger predictor of the observed between-study heterogeneity for maternal health outcomes than factors-related to the stringency of mitigation measures for the COVID-19 epidemic (e.g. the duration of lockdown).

     Alongside, several concerns have been raised that the application of social distancing measures in maternity wards led to lower social and professional support, ultimately contributing to increase the risk of maternal psychological difficulties [9], [10], [11]. The application of social distancing measures in maternity led to a strict restriction of partner and family visits while pregnant women faced additional sources of stress related to COVID-19 pandemic [11]. It has also been raised that a reduction of the length of stay in maternity and a constriction of paramedical team linked to the reorganization of workforce during the pandemic complicate the recognition of psychological needs of women during the perinatal period. An underestimation of maternal psychological difficulties could also be reinforced by a lower access to face-to-face supportive care (including social worker, psychologist and psychiatrist) and subsequently decreased opportunity to receive professional help [12].

Conclusion
     The rates of clinically-significant depressive and anxiety symptoms in the immediate postpartum among women referred to a university hospital center was roughly comparable to the range observed in previous observational studies prior the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. This report stresses the possible contribution of maternal worries about SARS-CoV2 infection in maternal anxiety and depressive symptoms, as long as other well-recognized risk factors. In a modern hospital where digital technologies and telehealth interventions were available the effect of social distancing measures in the maternity care was not clear. The relationships reported between the severity of maternal emotional symptoms and maternal bonding in the days following childbirth are worth considering to discuss the possible long-term impact of the pandemic on children socioemotional development.

Abstract

This study includes economic policy uncertainty measures and the magnitude and frequency of Asia pacific multinational business Mergers and acquisitions in 11 countries from 2009 to 2019 to evaluate the impact of uncertainty in economic policies (E.P.U) of global organizations mergers and acquisitions (M&A). To demonstrate that uncertainty in the home nation’s economic policy significantly restricts multinational enterprise Mergers and acquisitions, uncertainty in the nation’s economic policy significantly enhances Mergers and acquisitions, and that when the economy is in a pro-cyclical phase, these effects are reduced. Furthermore, the economic crisis has different effects of the country’s uncertain economic policies on worldwide firm M&As. There is a significant negative correlation between the country’s economic policy uncertainty and multinational firm Merger and acquisitions. Third, multinational firm Mergers and acquisitions are significantly impacted by economic policy uncertainties in the ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) but not much in emerging countries. The size of M&A is considerably positively connected with foreign market expansion and variations in uncertainties.

Introduction

Foreign direct investment (FDI) in ASEAN mostly involves investment and acquisitions and mergers of international corporations (M&As). And over half of Asian’s total OFDI in 2016 came from multinational firm M&A deals, exceeding financing strategy. Economic policies were in flux due to the European financial crisis, the American fiscal deficit, Political uncertainty, a tariff war between Asia pacific and the US, and other developments, which have increased economic and financial instability. The EPU Measure created by Khojasteh et al. (2018) shows that it was in a reasonably steady condition before the global economic crisis of 2008, and that it climbed significantly in the wake of the crisis. Many things happened during this period that significantly reduced the scope and intensity of international M&As globally, increasing dangers to the global economy and impeding foreign investment from other nations. Asian, which has the sec largest economy, also has been impacted, and its degree of general economic unpredictability is above the average for the globe. Hence, it is necessary and important to study on the risk and the synergy of multinational enterprise mergers and acquisitions under the background of the COVID-19 pandemic.

In this study, we examine if there is a correlation between EPU within the nations and the transnational corporation M&A. Data used from the Asia pacific EPU and multinational enterprise M&As. Its contribution to the literature is as follows. Tian et al. (2022) determine if their impacts change depending on the situation, which will assist Asian’s businesses in adjusting their investment philosophies in developing nation and has a rising economy. Therefore, it has many of the same problems with employment, economic growth, and sustainable growth as other developing nations. East Asia is becoming more interested in foreign investments, and Asian’s (Nanayakkara and Colombage, 2019) worldwide firm Mergers and acquisitions (economic and financial uncertainties significantly impact m&a (Fang et al., 2020)). The majority findings of the current research is based on wealthy nations.

Conclusion and policy implications

EPU’s influence on Asean enterprises’ multinational company M&As was statistically analyzed​ using cross-sectional data from 11 countries from 2009 to 2019. Asean’s EPU promotes firms to buy multinationals since the home country’s economic policy is uncertain. ASEAN firms may not be able to engage in cross-border mergers and acquisitions owing to the host country’s unclear economic policies and low EPU factor. ASEAN enterprises’ overseas M&A is driven by rising home country EPU and dropping host country EPU, which lowers the host country’s EPU in a pro-cyclical sector. It implies macroeconomic policies and internal organizational factors effect international corporate mergers and acquisitions. The purpose of M&As should be to enhance public understanding of a country’s fiscal policies, comprehend the dynamic character of its economic strategy, and alter foreign direct investment and financing choices in response to evolving economic priorities. Second, unlike the overall regression, the time-divided subsample suggests that the host country’s economic plan was unpredictably good before the global crisis. The overall decline supports the host nation’s less unpredictable economic approach since the global crisis. The relevance of each variable matches the overall regression in rich nations after segmenting the data by country type. The home country’s economic strategy’s uncertainty is positive, whereas the host country’s uncertainty is negative.

Abstract

     The purpose of this research is to determine whether the Covid-19 pandemic has had an impact on the change of organisational culture in public high schools. Additionally, if there has been a change in organisational culture, to what extent does this change differ from the preferred type? Cameron and Quinn’s OCAI questionnaire was used to determine the types of organisational culture. 453 valid responses were obtained from teachers of randomly selected public secondary schools in all regions of the Czech Republic. Pre-Covid-19, the present and preferred status were assessed. It was found that initially hierarchy culture was predominant, while currently preferences for adhocracy and market culture have increased significantly, although the hierarchy type still prevails. In the type of future, respondents will see the clan of organisational culture. The shift in each type, but also in each of its dimensions in the three periods studied, provides the researcher with a theme for deeper research into the context, and for school institutions and principals to develop strategies to support the creation of a healthy organisational culture.

Introduction

     There is no consensus among the authors on the definition of organisational culture. Despite this, the authors recognize that organisational culture is an important subsystem of an organization, a determinant of organisational effectiveness and the quality of work life of organisational members (e.g., Deal & Kennedy, 1982, Schein, 1992, Cameron & Quinn, 1999, Schein & Schein, 2016, Miranda-Wolff, 2022). Organisational culture is defined as a phenomenon consisting of individual elements (Schein, 1992). According to Schein’s model, the most commonly cited elements of organisational culture are artifacts, norms, attitudes, values, and basic assumptions (Schein, 1992). In other words, the basic values, attitudes, and beliefs that exist in an organization, the patterns of behavior that result from these shared meanings, and the symbols that express the connection between the beliefs, values, and behaviors of organisational members (Denison, 1990). Organisational culture is the result of a learning process. It is the result of the accumulation of experiences passed on to individuals through the socialization process; it provides continuity, reduces employee uncertainty, and affects their job satisfaction and emotional well-being; it is a source of motivation and can be a competitive advantage (Lukášová, 2010).

     Organisational culture can be viewed from different perspectives and relationships (e.g. Handy, 1993, Deal & Kennedy, 1982, Trompenaars, 1993, Hall, 1995, Goffee & Jones, 1998 and others). For the research presented here, a typology of organisational culture was chosen following the Cameron and Quinn (1999) model.

Conclusions

     The aim of the research was to use the OCAI method to identify possible changes in the types of organisational culture and its dimensions in public secondary schools in three situations, namely, pre-pandemic, post-pandemic and preferred type.

     The organisational culture was also found to be affected by the pandemic. The clan type rating decreased during the pandemic, but as a preferred type, it achieved an exceptional rating compared to the other three types. The rating of the hierarchy type has gradually declined, and as a preferred type it has the second highest rating. The rating of the adhocracy type increased significantly due to the need to find new ways of working and using technology during the pandemic, but it reached the lowest value as the preferred type. The market type rating was not affected by the pandemic. However, as a desired type, it has only slightly higher preferences than adhocracy.

      As Furnham and Gunter (2015) stated, cultures that are “good” in one circumstance or time period may be dysfunctional in another circumstance or time period. Because culture itself is created and manifested in different ways in different organizations, it is not possible to say that one culture is better than another, only that it is different in some way. There is no such thing as an ideal culture, only an appropriate or suitable culture.

Abstract

     The COVID-19 pandemic has caused extreme deviations from everyday life. The aim of this study was to investigate how these deviations affected adolescents’ sense of coherence and their level of aggression, and whether this was influenced by their relationship with animals, especially horses. In two random samples of students from vocational schools in Hungary, taken in June 2018 and June 2020 (n1 = 525, n2 = 412), separate groups were drawn from those who had regularly engaged in equine-assisted activities (ES) and those who had not (OS) before the pandemic. Data were collected using an anonymous, paper-based questionnaire, and during the pandemic an online version of the Sense of Coherence (SOC13) and Bryant–Smith (B12) scales. During the pandemic, boys’ sense of coherence weakened and their aggressiveness increased. Multiple linear regression analyses showed that, regardless of gender and age group, increased time spent using the internet (p < 0.001), a lack of classmates (p = 0.017), reduced time spent outdoors (p = 0.026) and reduced physical activity (p < 0.038) during the pandemic significantly increased the tendency for aggressive behavior, whereas being with a horse or pet was beneficial (p < 0.001). The changes imposed by the curfew were rated as bad by 90% of the pupils, however, those with a strong sense of coherence felt less negatively about them. Schools should place a great emphasis on strengthening the students’ sense of coherence.

Introduction

     To control the COVID-19 outbreak, restrictive measures have been introduced around the world, including in Hungary. During the first wave of the epidemic, the lockdown was implemented from March to June 2020 in Hungary [1]. These restrictions also affected the everyday lives of adolescents. Education changed to an online format from one day to the next, and face-to-face encounters with other students were abolished. The daily news of the growing epidemic and the increase in the number of deaths, which also manifested in their immediate environment, were traumatizing for adolescents. A scoping review of 11 studies regarding the effects of COVID-19 on the lives of adolescents showed that the pandemic can be considered a determinant that affects different dimensions of adolescents’ lives [2]. This result was reinforced by other studies on the diverse psychological symptoms and behavioral changes in this age group during the lockdown [3,4]. At-risk groups, like justice-involved youth, also showed increased distress and antisocial behaviors [5].

     Comparing the levels of anxiety between different age groups, researchers found that children and adolescents were more apt to feel depression and anxiety during and after the pandemic. Social distancing, school closures and isolation caused disturbances in sleep and appetite, as well as impairment in social interactions, which may even have long-term adverse consequences on mental health. This tendency highlights the need for effective mental health strategies focusing on the needs of children and adolescents [6,7,8], even more so as disadvantaged youth groups, e.g., those with a lower level of education, might develop negative coping styles found to be strong predictors of youth mental health [9]. Prolonged confinement during the COVID-19 pandemic triggered negative emotional reactions among adolescents. Besides anxiety, children and adolescents also experienced anger, sadness, and boredom/emptiness, against which living in a rural area was found to be a protective factor [10], while low socioeconomic status and limited living space were found to be aggravating factors [11].

Conclusions

     The research results indicate that in an extraordinary situation—such as the curfew due to the pandemic—negative effects, including the tendency for aggression, are significantly influenced by the strength of an individual’s sense of coherence. Young people with a stronger sense of coherence manifested a lower tendency toward aggression, which suggests that they adapt more easily to unusual situations. It follows that developing a salutogenic sense of coherence constitutes an important task for education, and thus for schools.

     The research also draws attention to how spending time in nature, dealing with animals, and increasing one’s physical activity directly, but also indirectly, through the sense of coherence, affects the tendency toward aggression caused by the curfew “siege” during the pandemic. Therefore, the narrower and wider social environment must strive to shift these negative factors in a positive direction.

Abstract

     Following an embedded sequential explanatory mixed-method research design in which quantitative and qualitative data were merged, this paper examines teachers’ experiences of stress and job satisfaction and their relation to the DI practice. The quantitative study uses data from the National Educational Panel Study in Germany (N = 209 teachers), while the qualitative study analyses interview responses of 24 secondary school teachers. Findings reveal that teachers experience positive effects from implementing DI, but also perceive the practice as slightly stressful. Additionally, the paper discusses teachers’ DI training needs and the implications of the results, and calls for further research.

Introduction

     In their classroom, teachers around the world are confronted with a highly diverse student population that differs not only in performance and academic readiness, but also in their learning preferences, cultural backgrounds, language competence, learning styles, and motivation, as well as social, methodological, and self-regulatory competencies (Hardy et al., 2019; Jokinen et al., 2012). In order to maximize each student’s learning potential, policymakers, and researchers urge teachers to embrace student diversity and adapt their instruction to the diverse learning needs of the students in their classrooms (e.g., Unesco, 2017).

     One pedagogical approach that acknowledges the differences among learners and aims to respond effectively to students’ varying learning needs is “differentiated instruction” (DI). DI is an approach by which teachers aim to provide optimal learning for all by carefully aligning learning tasks and activities with students’ learning needs (Roy et al., 2013; Tomlinson, 2014, 2017). Research has documented the positive effects of DI across the educational settings in which it has been implemented, reporting positive effects of DI on student achievement as well as learning interest and self-confidence (Eysink et al., 2017; Johnsen, 2003; Mc Quarrie & Mc Rae, 2010).

Conclusion

     We refined a dynamic CGE model to estimate the economic consequences of COVID-19 over eight semi-annual periods during 2020–2023. A baseline scenario in which the COVID pandemic is assumed not to occur was first established based on pre-pandemic growth forecasts. The COVID pandemic was then incorporated into the model and compared to baseline growth. The various causal factors of the pandemic were added sequentially to decompose their contributions to the overall impact of COVID on the U.S. economy. These causal factors include the mandatory closure of businesses and gradual reopenings, the avoidance of workplace and various activities (such as restaurant dining), the impact of deaths and illness on the labor force, the increase in hospitalizations and health care expenses, the fiscal stimulus implemented in 2020 and 2021, and the increase in pent-up demand once businesses were allowed to reopen. Sensitivity analysis was performed on disease spread with various interventions relating to vaccine availability, efficacy, and take-up. The decomposition of the influence of various causal factors will help policymakers make adjustments to offset the negative influences and reinforce the positive ones during the remainder of this pandemic and in anticipation of future ones.

     The analysis of the decomposition revealed that the largest losses from COVID were associated with the mandatory closure of businesses and the slow reopening process, followed by the avoidance of workplace and other activities by households. While deaths and illnesses resulted in a minimal decline in real GDP, primarily due to the decline in demand caused by the declining population, the increase in demand for health care led to a rise in real GDP. Pent-up demand is a significant factor in the recovery process, raising growth ever closer to the original baseline growth. Early rounds (1–4) of fiscal policy were also very helpful in alleviating some of the losses in economic growth due to mandatory business closures, avoidance, and other causal factors. The benefits of the last round of fiscal policy are considerably lower, and even negative, compared to earlier rounds due to crowding out of private investment and the need for businesses to repay loans.

Abstract

     The pandemic respiratory disease COVID-19 has spread over the globe within a small span of time. Generally, there are two important points are being highlighted and considered towards the successful diagnosis and treatment process. The first point includes the reduction of the rate of infections and the next one is the decrease of the death rate. The major threat to public health globally progresses due to the absence of effective medication and widely accepted immunization for the COVID-19. Whereas, understanding of host susceptibility, clinical features, adaptation of COVID-19 to new environments, asymptomatic infection is difficult and challenging. Therefore, a rapid and an exact determination of pathogenic viruses play an important role in deciding treatments and preventing pandemic to save the people’s lives. It is urgent to fix a standardized diagnostic approach for detecting the COVID-19. Here, this systematic review describes all the current approaches using for screening and diagnosing the COVID-19 infectious patient. The renaissance in pathogen due to host adaptability and new region, facing creates several obstacles in diagnosis, drug, and vaccine development process. The study shows that adaptation of accurate and affordable diagnostic tools based on candidate biomarkers using sensor and digital medicine technology can deliver effective diagnosis services at the mass level. Better prospects of public health management rely on diagnosis with high specificity and cost-effective manner along with multidisciplinary research, specific policy, and technology adaptation. The proposed healthcare model with defined road map represents effective prognosis system.

Introduction

     Occurrence of the worldwide pandemic Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in later 2019 to early 2020 has twisted the human society through health crisis and creating new challenges to the world. Due to highly contagious nature, on March 11, 2020 the COVID-19 virus outbreak has been declared as the global pandemic by World Health Organization (WHO). Since the first report of COVID-19 at Wuhan, China in December 2019, it has been affected 225 countries and territories with 6,137,417 million confirmed death and close to 479,281,013 confirmed cases across the world, up to March 25, 2022.1-3 With this emergent crisis during pandemic year, science and technology tackles the way to report the hurdles for the COVID-19 to mitigate the spread and progress of this disease. Science and technology is in concert part to diagnose and cure the COVID-19 by different techniques.1, 2 The research on the COVID becomes very prevalent during pandemic years. From the search of the Scopus database with the keyword “COVID-19” it resulted in 286,313 documents as collected on March 25, 2022.4

Conclusions

     During the later stage of pandemic year, tremendous progress in COVID science and technology has been made to develop for accurate and rapid diagnosis of coronavirus including the asymptomatic case. The early-stage detection has reduced the spread of this disease in greater extent. Since December 2019, the COVID-19 is an enduring serious global challenge, but science and technology opens a fight against COVID-19 to deal with the human health management. While the social distancing is one of the common trends to control the spread of COVID-19 during pandemic year, but in addition several other practices have been considered controlling the spread of this disease. Therefore, emerging technology and system to provision the operative diagnosis of COVID-19 vital and such requirement is still welcomed by the multidisciplinary researcher to develop simple, accurate, and high-throughput tools and techniques. However, RT-PCR is costly, labor intensive, requires specialized laboratory equipment and time-consuming technique but during pandemic year, this method is one of the most reliable and served as a routine in practice for the recognition of SARS-CoV-2.

Highlights

Abstract

Keywords

1. Introduction

2. Methods

3. Results

4. Discussion and conclusion

5. Future of the aquaculture PFSC after the shock: the long path toward resilience

Declaration of Competing Interest

Acknowledgements

Author contributions

Competing interests

Appendix A. Supplementary material

References

Abstract

The COVID-19 global pandemic has had severe, unpredictable and synchronous impacts on all levels of perishable food supply chains (PFSC), across multiple sectors and spatial scales. Aquaculture plays a vital and rapidly expanding role in food security, in some cases overtaking wild caught fisheries in the production of high-quality animal protein in this PFSC. We performed a rapid global assessment to evaluate the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and related emerging control measures on the aquaculture supply chain. Socio-economic effects of the pandemic were analysed by surveying the perceptions of stakeholders, who were asked to describe potential supply-side disruption, vulnerabilities and resilience patterns along the production pipeline with four main supply chain components: a) hatchery, b) production/processing, c) distribution/logistics and d) market. We also assessed different farming strategies, comparing land- vs. sea-based systems; extensive vs. intensive methods; and with and without integrated multi-trophic aquaculture, IMTA. In addition to evaluating levels and sources of economic distress, interviewees were asked to identify mitigation solutions adopted at local / internal (i.e., farm-site) scales, and to express their preference on national / external scale mitigation measures among a set of a priori options. Survey responses identified the potential causes of disruption, ripple effects, sources of food insecurity, and socio-economic conflicts. They also pointed to various levels of mitigation strategies. The collated evidence represents a first baseline useful to address future disaster-driven responses, to reinforce the resilience of the sector and to facilitate the design reconstruction plans and mitigation measures, such as financial aid strategies.

1. Introduction

In March 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), COVID-19, as a pandemic. Since it was first recognized the virus spread rapidly and globally, causing millions of deaths. In a fight against time to slow the spread and to contain the severe deadly outbreak across the planet, national governments have made enormous efforts, by imposing containment and suppression measures with varying degrees of rapidity and strictness (Guan et al., 2020) with people experiencing unprecedented disruptions to their daily lives. Cumulatively, these responses, aimed at preventing the spread COVID-19, had clear direct and indirect effects on global economic productivity (FAO and CELAC, 2020).

Abstract

     At the beginning of 2020, COVID-19 began to sweep through China, major schools adhering to the concept of “no classrooms instead of classes” and launching online education. The major online education platforms received the “epidemic advantage” and grew. However, on the night of 24 July 2021, when Chinese authorities have introduced a guideline to ease the burdens of excessive homework and off-campus tutoring for students undergoing compulsory education, so that including online education platforms, received a severe blow. As part of the digital economy, the current transformation of the education sector to education informatization, quality education and vocational education may become the vane of the new era.

Abstract

Introduction

Survey on related models

Problem statement

Findings

Managerial implications and practical insights

Conclusion and outlook

References

Author information

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Abstract

This research develops a regression-based Robust Optimization (RO) approach to efficiently predict the number of patients with confirmed infection caused by the recent Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19). The main idea is to study the dynamics of the COVID-19 outbreak at the first stage and then provide efficient insights to estimate the necessary resources accordingly. The convex RO with Mean Absolute Deviation (MAD) objective function is utilized to project the course of COVID-19 epidemic in Iran. To validate the performance of the suggested model, a real-case study is investigated and compared to several well-known forecasting models including Simple Moving Average, Exponential Moving Average, Weighted Moving Average and Exponential Smoothing with Trend Adjustment models. Furthermore, the effect of parameter uncertainties is examined using a set of sensitivity analyses. The results demonstrate that by increasing the degree (coefficient) of regression up to 8, MAD value decreases to 1378.12, and consequently, the corresponding equation becomes more accurate. On the other hand, from the 8th degree onwards, MAD value follows an upward trend. Furthermore, by increasing the level of regression uncertainty, MAD value follows a downward trend to reach 1309.28 and the estimation accuracy of the model increases accordingly. Finally, our proposed model achieves the least MAD and the greatest correlation coefficient against the other models.

Introduction

For the first time in December 2019, a new strain of Coronavirus was identified in Wuhan, China. People were diagnosed with pneumonia for no apparent reason and existing vaccines, and treatments were ineffective. The novel Coronavirus disease took the official name of COVID-19 from World Health Organization (WHO) when the number of deaths surpassed 1000 people. On January 30, 2020, WHO issued a statement declaring the novel Coronavirus, a public health emergency, posed a threat to the entire world, not just China. Following the COVID-19 pandemic crisis in various regions of the world, the government of Iran officially confirmed the epidemic on 19 Feb 2020. Since the beginning of the Coronavirus epidemic coincided with the H1N1 flu epidemic, the health system mistakenly recognized it as flu and was slow to notice the onset of the disease (Mardani et al., 2020). One of the challenging issues in the outbreak of COVID-19 is the incubation period, which varies from 3 to 14 days (Tirkolaee, Abbasian, et al., Tirkolaee, Hadian, et al., 2020). That is why the treatments did not work on patients infected by the COVID-19.

To date, some countries product vaccine and only some of them is successful. According to WHO, COVID-19 is an acute respiratory syndrome that is transmitted through respiratory droplets and airways. The examination of this disease needs the serious attention of governments to take the essential measures to reduce the impact of this global epidemic.

From 22 Feb 2020, the COVID-19 risk status went from white to yellow in Iran. In mid-February 2020, Iran became the second focal point for spreading the Coronavirus in the world after China. In early March 2020 and after the COVID-19 epidemic in Iran, the Iranian minister of health stated that health centers throughout the country should be ready to provide services to the COVID-19 patients. Meanwhile, many public places and events, including schools, higher education institutions and universities, movie theaters, concerts and theater performances, national sports competitions and leagues in Tehran and other cities were gradually closed and government office hours were reduced in several provinces. According to official statistics published by WHO, Iran had the highest number of COVID-19 deaths after the USA, Brazil, India, Mexico, UK, Italy and France by the end of November 2020 (WHO, 2020).