Abstract

Despite advancements in digital technology, outdoor advertising remains a robust communication tool with broad audience appeal. However, heightened environmental awareness necessitates proactive measures within the industry. This study examines the environmental impact of banners and proposes sustainable strategies. Market analysis underscores the widespread use of banners despite alternative advertising methods, prompting an investigation into their environmental implications and mitigation solutions. The research specifically focuses on prolonging banner lifespan and campaign duration through innovative recycling approaches aligned with circular economy principles. A comprehensive literature review informs these models and strategies, identifying opportunities for sustainable banner management. A case study approach is employed to present the transformation of banners into functional raincoats using Gemini X20 Pattern Designer software. The study emphasizes the optimization of resources and adherence to copyright regulations. This practical example demonstrates the feasibility and benefits of recycling in outdoor advertising. Collaborations with tailoring workshops facilitate community engagement and contribute to economic benefits. The implementation of these practices by companies serves to enhance their sustainability credentials and leadership in environmental responsibility within the outdoor advertising sector. In conclusion, this study provides valuable insights into sustainable practices that mitigate environmental impacts while fostering economic and social benefits.

Introduction

Outdoor advertising, also known as out-of-home advertising, stands as one of the earliest forms of mass communication known to humankind [1]. Despite the rise of online advertising platforms, which have revolutionized traditional advertising methodologies [2,3], outdoor advertising maintains its relevance and efficacy in the modern era. Its enduring value lies in its capacity to engage with a broad audience simultaneously [4]. Many enterprises continue to integrate outdoor advertising into their marketing strategies alongside digital campaigns, recognizing the distinct advantages each medium offers in reaching diverse demographics and fulfilling varied promotional objectives.

However, amidst a growing societal consciousness regarding environmental sustainability, it becomes imperative for the outdoor advertising industry to adopt a proactive approach toward environmental concerns. This article aims to highlight the critical role of environmental considerations in out-of-home advertising and to outline strategies aimed at promoting sustainability within this sector. The research objective is to offer an overview of the current landscape of outdoor advertising, with a specific focus on the environmental impact of banners used in this industry.

The primary aim is to investigate models and strategies that can extend the lifespan of banners while also prolonging the duration of advertising campaigns. This research objective aligns with market research findings [5], which indicate a significant increase in the use of banners for outdoor advertising, despite the availability of several alternative advertising methods. Consequently, the first research question arises: What are the advantages and disadvantages of banners, including their environmental impact, and what viable solutions exist to mitigate their negative effects? This area of study has been relatively underrepresented in academic discourse, as most research in the field has primarily focused on the marketing aspects of advertising campaigns [6,7,8], specifically the effectiveness of outdoor advertising with particular attention to recall and recognition [9]. As a result, there has been limited examination of potential methods and strategies that could be employed to extend the longevity of banners beyond their initial use and integrate them into a closed-loop system [10].

Conclusions

This study has critically examined outdoor advertising, with a specific focus on the environmental impact of banners, proposing strategies to enhance sustainability within the sector. Through an evaluation of both the advantages and disadvantages of banners in outdoor advertising, the research has highlighted environmental concerns such as material waste and pollution associated with their production and disposal. The findings underscore the potential benefits of adopting circular economy models, which emphasize eco-friendly materials and sustainable production practices not only during production but also throughout the post-production lifecycle. This approach aims to minimize waste generation, optimize resource use, and enhance the economic viability of materials beyond their initial use in outdoor advertising campaigns.

The literature review conducted in this study established a comprehensive foundation by scrutinizing existing research on banners in outdoor advertising, encompassing market reports, academic journals, and case studies. It analyzed environmental issues related to banner production and disposal, emphasizing the need for integrated solutions that promote circularity in the use of materials. Synthesizing these findings supports the proposition that sustainable banner management can benefit significantly from upcycling and repurposing strategies. The findings highlight that the role of street advertising companies can be expanded from polluters to advocates for promoting sustainable practices within the industry. By embedding circular economy principles into their operations, these companies mitigate their environmental impact and contribute to local economic development. The research highlights the importance of innovation and responsibility in achieving a more sustainable future for the outdoor advertising sector.

Abstract
To systematically understand the evolution of health tourism in China, the present study visually analyzes the theme evolution and frontiers of Chinese health tourism research on the basis of the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) database through bibliometric analysis. The findings reflect the existence of diverse clustering themes in health tourism research, and the formation time of each theme is different. The findings also indicate that the change in the theme is led by government policy. Theoretically, the findings of the present study can, on the one hand, contribute to the health tourism literature by comprehensively exploring and summarizing the themes and topics of health tourism development in China since its appearance (i.e., 1981), and, on the other hand, provide references for future health tourism exploration directions. Findings of the present study can provide references for effective future development directions of the health tourism industry.

Introduction

Along with the outbreak of the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, people have been paying more attention to health [1]. Consumers are more willing to pay attention to health risks, such as COVID-19-related health issues, and would like to participate more in health tourism. For example, a recent study [2] proved the moderating role of risk communication for health tourism to improve the physical and mental health of people affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. With the effective control of the pandemic in different countries and regions, the tourism industry may have more opportunities for health tourism development [3]. For instance, one recent study reflected the great needs of diversified provision of health tourism packages for different consumer groups [4]. As a result, it is expected that after the pandemic, tourists’ travel behavior may be changed [5], and the expected changes may require tourism destination organizations to be more responsible for the health concern of consumers [6]. Hence, a comprehensive overview of health tourism is conducive to explore current research gaps in order to identify future research directions and ultimately contribute to the development of the health tourism industry.

Conclusions

Theoretically, this study is expected to make meaningful contributions. First, this paper makes up for the lack of international understanding of China’s health tourism sector by reviewing health-related papers from the database in China, thereby helping to better develop Chinese and international academic and industrial cooperation. Second, on the basis of bibliometric results, this study takes policies into consideration, and analyzes the driving forces of China’s healthy tourism development in a more in-depth manner, helping to predict its future development more accurately. Third, through the analysis of the development process of China’s health tourism, the study provides a reference for the development of health tourism for other countries and regions.

Practically, this study is expected to bring some practical implications for the government and the market. First, for the government, the results found that academia has been fruitful in health tourism-related policy formulation and feedback. As such, a government can take academic research results into consideration when formulating health tourism-related policies. Second, for the destination market, the results found that the trend of health tourism is often related to government policies. Therefore, when developing resources related to health tourism, destination organizations can refer to the government’s macro policies to grasp the general direction.

Abstract

     Becoming a parent is a challenging transition, and stress factors may arise. This scoping review aims to map, from the literature, the structure, potential barriers, and facilitators to be considered when conducting a parenting programme for parents of children up to 3 years old. It followed the JBI methodology and included studies with parents of children up to 3 years old (Participants), studies about parenting programme structure, its potential barriers, and facilitators (Concept) in the healthcare or community setting (Context). Qualitative and/or quantitative study designs and grey literature publications between 2016 and 2021 were eligible. The search was performed in three stages in CINAHL Plus with Full Text, MEDLINE with Full Text, and PubMed databases. It was also conducted in OpenGrey, ProQuest, Portuguese Open Access Scientific Repository, and Google Scholar. Fourteen articles were selected. The following aspects were identified regarding parenting programmes: benefits; structuring elements to be considered; facilitating factors and possible barriers to its development, and measurement instruments to assess the programme. Parenting programmes are important ways to contribute to a healthy, sustainable, and resilient society. It should be adapted to individuals, groups, and communities. They add value to parents, children, and society and should be carefully adapted to the group’s needs.

Introduction

     Healthy development during childhood promotes vigorous adulthood, contributing to a productive and sustainable society. A family household is where children establish first relationships, attachment, and continuous interaction, learn to trust and become acquainted with basic social rules [1]. However, it is also where most child abuse occurs, often caused by a parent [2–6]. This toxic stress impact on the early years triggers adverse adulthood outcomes and shortens life expectancy [7–10].

     Different kinds of stress can be induced: positive, tolerable, and toxic. The first is a normal part of healthy functioning; the second is more intense and long-lasting but can be buffered by supportive relations allowing the nervous system to get back on track; toxic stress arises from prolonged adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) such as reiterated abuse, chronic neglect, exposure to violence, or accumulated economic hardship in the family [8].

     Parents and family are those closest to the child and are expected to be the best caregivers [11]. However, cumulative toxic stress can occur without appropriate parental support, which may cause development disruption [12] and promote morbidity before adulthood and early death [8,12].

Conclusions

     This study provides an overview of parenting programmes, and the results guide several recommendations for the future. The results of this article may help public health professionals to plan evidencebased parenting programmes with better outcomes for families, children, and society. These results will guide professionals in constructing more sustainable and effective parental programmes.

      Considering the various benefits, such as increased parent competence, self-efficacy, lower parental stress, lower depression symptoms, and child behaviour problems, implementing parental programmes is an added value for parents, children, and society. However, professionals should be aware of the barriers identified in this study (related to distance strategies and individual needs) and carefully adapt any programme to individual, group or community needs.

     Parenting programmes are important ways to contribute to a healthy, sustainable, and resilient society. They benefit parents by reducing signs of stress and depression and increasing their self-efficacy and social behaviour, which leads to positive changes in childcare. In addition, they bring benefits to the parent–child relationship by relieving social pressure from parents, allowing a focus on the relationship with the child as an individual. Finally, parenting programmes also positively affect society through knowledge sharing, networking, and support so that children can grow up in healthy environments and maximise their full potential.

Abstract

Axillary surgery for patients with breast cancer (BC) in 2024 is becoming increasingly specific, moving away from the previous ‘one size fits all’ radical approach. The goal is to spare morbidity whilst maintaining oncologic safety. In the upfront surgery setting, a first landmark randomized controlled trial (RCT) on the omission of any surgical axillary staging in patients with unremarkable clinical examination and axillary ultrasound showed non-inferiority to sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy (SLNB). The study population consisted of 87.8% postmenopausal patients with estrogen receptor-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative BC. Patients with clinically node-negative breast cancer and up to two positive SLNs can safely be spared axillary dissection (ALND) even in the context of mastectomy or extranodal extension. In patients enrolled in the TAXIS trial, adjuvant systemic treatment was shown to be similar with or without ALND despite the loss of staging information. After neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT), targeted lymph node removal with or without SLNB showed a lower false-negative rate to determine nodal pathological complete response (pCR) compared to SLNB alone. However, oncologic outcomes do not appear to differ in patients with nodal pCR determined by either one of the two concepts, according to a recently published global, retrospective, real-world study. Real-world studies generally have a lower level of evidence than RCTs, but they are feasible quickly and with a large sample size. Another global real-world study provides evidence that even patients with residual isolated tumor cells can be safely spared from ALND. In general, few indications for ALND remain. Three randomized controlled trials are ongoing for patients with clinically node-positive BC in the upfront surgery setting and residual disease after NACT. Pending the results of these trials, ALND remains indicated in these patients.

Introduction

Axillary surgery for breast cancer (BC) has evolved significantly from a previous “one size fits all” approach that involved radical surgery, including lymph node dissection extending from the axilla to the neck, to an increasingly granular and individualized surgical treatment. Axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) was the standard of care for all patients with BC until the nineties, which was considered to be a therapeutic procedure. The rationale behind it was that a complete surgical removal of locoregional tumor residues would result in improved survival, a hypothesis that has never been proven and was already questioned by the NSABP-04 trial [1,2,3]. In this landmark study, patients with clinically node-negative and node-positive BC were shown to have similar 10-year overall survival outcomes, no matter whether ALND or axillary radiotherapy (ART) were performed [3]. These results could be confirmed in clinically node-negative patients, who underwent breast-conserving surgery (BCS) and adjuvant radiotherapy of the breast [4]. Therefore, radical surgery and its associated morbidity was increasingly questioned. Axillary staging information was still deemed necessary, leading to the development of the sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy (SLNB). Whilst showing a false-negative rate of around 10%, excellent oncologic outcomes were achieved [5,6,7,8]. Notably, SLNB dramatically reduced surgical morbidity and improved quality of life [5,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17]. Nevertheless, approximately 5% of patients still experience surgery-related morbidity [9]. Therefore, studies to identify patients in whom surgical axillary staging can be altogether abandoned have been initiated.

Conclusions

Efforts to de-escalate axillary surgery in BC have led to major changes in treatment paradigms, sparing thousands of women the associated morbidity of ALND whilst remaining oncologically safe, as shown in randomized controlled trials with a high level of evidence. Few indications for ALND remain, with real-world studies being indicative of safe omission possibilities even if ITCs are found after NACT. Such studies generally have a lower level of evidence. However, they can address clinically relevant questions in a global manner, quickly, with the largest number of participants, and therefore the strongest statistical power available. For patients with clinically node-positive BC, the results of three randomized controlled trials—namely, the Alliance A011202 trial, the ADARNAT trial, and the OPBC-03/TAXIS trial—are eagerly awaited.

Abstract

One in eight women will develop breast cancer in the US. For women with moderate (15–20%) to average (12.5%) risk of breast cancer, there are few options available for risk reduction. For high-risk (>20%) women, such as BRCA mutation carriers, primary prevention strategies are limited to evidence-based surgical removal of breasts and/or ovaries and anti-estrogen treatment. Despite their effectiveness in risk reduction, not many high-risk individuals opt for surgical or hormonal interventions due to severe side effects and potentially life-changing outcomes as key deterrents. Thus, better communication about the benefits of existing strategies and the development of new strategies with minimal side effects are needed to offer women adequate risk-reducing interventions. We extensively review and discuss innovative investigational strategies for primary prevention. Most of these investigational strategies are at the pre-clinical stage, but some are already being evaluated in clinical trials and others are expected to lead to first-in-human clinical trials within 5 years. Likely, these strategies would be initially tested in high-risk individuals but may be applicable to lower-risk women, if shown to decrease risk at a similar rate to existing strategies, but with minimal side effects.

Introduction

For women in the US, breast cancer (BC) is the most prevalent cancer and the second-leading cause of cancer-related deaths. Projections for 2023 estimate that 55,720 women will be diagnosed with carcinoma in situ, 297,790 with invasive carcinoma, and 43,170 women will die from BC [1]. With the number of new diagnoses still on the rise, one in eight women will develop BC within their lifetime, but all women are at risk. Therefore, there is a need to develop new strategies for primary prevention with a focus on high-risk (>20%) individuals, but that can also be applied to moderate- (15–20%) and average (12.5%)-risk individuals.

There are well-established risk factors that contribute to the absolute risk of developing BC [2,3]. There are modifiable risk factors such as having a healthy diet, regular exercise, and limiting alcohol consumption [2,4]. Cumulative exposure of breast tissue to estrogen is an important risk factor for BC. This risk can be minimized by various actions such as having their first-born before age 30, limiting the use of hormonal birth control medications, and avoiding hormone replacement therapy. Non-modifiable risk factors that increase cumulative exposure to estrogen include younger age at menarche and older age at natural menopause [2]. There are non-modifiable genetic risk factors that include known mutations in a high-penetrant BC gene such as BRCA1 and BRCA2, cumulative interaction of risk-associated alleles of BC susceptible SNPs, and/or family history with multiple incidences of BC [5]. There are also non-modifiable risk factors related to the personal history of radiation therapy to the chest, and the number of breast biopsies [4].

Conclusions and Future Directions

BC is the leading cause of new cancer cases and is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in women. The limited, approved prevention interventions available for high-risk individuals can have severe and long-term side effects that deter many women from making proactive choices. Regrettably, BC prevention is an area of translational research that is currently underfunded by federal agencies [182]. Therefore, emerging and novel approaches for the primary prevention of BC that provide the same or superior protection while minimizing the side effects of current interventions should be pursued and prioritized. These approaches seek to eradicate BC and align well with NIH’s All of US Research Program—a nationwide initiative for precision health interventions that proactively prevent rather than treat disease in high-risk individuals. We provide a comprehensive review of emerging approaches for BC prevention based on non-modifiable risk factors that put women at a higher risk of developing BC. Virtually all of these studies were performed in rodent models of BC, which have some limitations and challenges for direct translation to at-risk individuals. Additional scalability and validation studies in larger animal models will be an important step in bridging the gap between discovery and clinical evaluation. Although currently underutilized, rabbit studies should be considered as an appropriate intermediate model. Evolutionarily, anatomically, and physiologically, rabbit mammary glands are more similar to humans than those of rodent models or other large animals such as cows and sheep [183,184]. Female rabbits have four pairs of mammary glands each containing four ductal trees [177], which can be cannulated for ID injection [177,185,186,187,188,189] using a procedure very similar to ID administration of contrast agents in clinical ductography [190,191] and chemotherapeutic agents in first-in-human clinical research [92,145]. Alternatively, or complementary to validation studies in larger animals, judicious determination based on the scientific rigor and clinical feasibility of these emerging approaches should be applied to prioritize those interventions more likely to have an impact on primary prevention of BC.

Abstract

Breast cancer affected more than 2.3 million women in 2022 and is the most diagnosed cancer among women worldwide. The incidence rates are greater in developed regions and are significantly higher among women with higher education and socioeconomic status. Therefore, it is reasonable to assume that the way women live their lives may impact their risk of being diagnosed with breast cancer. This systematic review aimed to identify what is known about the causes and risk factors of breast cancer, excluding genetic causes. A comprehensive systematic search identified 2387 systematic reviews, 122 were included and six overall themes identified. In our “top list” with the 36 most important findings, a study of breast density had the highest effect size for increasing the risk of breast cancer, and a high sex-hormone-binding globulin level was the most protective factor. Many of the included studies investigating the same topics had conflicting results. The conclusion from this evidence synthesis reveals a lack of consensus of factors associated with the causes and risk of breast cancer. These findings suggest that recommendations about lifestyle and breast cancer should be made with caution.

Introduction

Breast cancer affected more than 2.3 million women in 2022 and is the most diagnosed cancer among women worldwide [1,2]. Breast cancer is also the number one cause of death from cancer in women; 670,000 women died from this disease in 2022 [2]. That is approximately 7% of all cancer deaths worldwide. The incidence rates are greater than 80 per 100,000 in developed regions of the world, such as Europe and North America, Australia, and New Zealand, and less than 40 per 100,000 in developing countries [3,4]. However, statistics from some developing countries may be attributed to underreporting [5]. The differences in incidence between countries could be due to changes in exposure to environmental risk factors, behavior, and lifestyle factors of different population groups [6]. These facts provide good reasons to study the causes and risk factors of breast cancer.

The causes of breast cancer in women are still unclear, and nonhereditary causes and risk factors predominate [7]. These include early menarche, hormone intake, nutrition, alcohol consumption, smoking, and obesity, all of which are commonly reported as risk factors [6]. Heredity accounts for only 5–10% of breast cancer cases, with germline mutations in BRCA1 or BRCA2 accounting for 30% of inheritable breast cancer cases [7]. Several researchers are working on the identification of specific genes as a cause of breast cancer, while others are conducting studies on the combinations of genes and other factors [8]. A study published in the Lancet in 2005 concluded that 21% of all breast cancer deaths worldwide were attributable to physical inactivity, overweight and obesity, and alcohol use [9]. An update from 2017 examined the connection between breast cancer incidence and environmental factors such as chemicals and radiation and found that exposure to these substances may lead to an increased risk of developing breast cancer [10]. However, numerous studies have identified late age of first full-term (if any) pregnancy, short periods of breast-feeding, dietary habits, quality and composition of meals, physiologic factors, lower age at menarche, and later menopause as causes and risk factors of breast cancer in women [11].

Conclusions

Six overall themes and more than 27 topics were identified. In our “top list” of the 36 most important findings, high breast density had the highest effect size for increasing the risk of breast cancer, and a high sex-hormone-binding globulin level was identified as the most protective factor in decreasing breast cancer risk. Notwithstanding the comprehensive work in performing these studies, there is still a large degree of uncertainty with respect to what exactly triggers or may influence or cause breast cancer. Unfortunately, this extensive work has not provided a clear and convincing answer as to why women develop breast cancer. Based on our review, however, it is important to point out this lack of consensus because the recommendations from some health authorities use several uncertain consensus statements to guide us to a healthy lifestyle. We therefore argue that this review of systematic reviews provides a valuable contribution to the research portfolio regarding breast cancer in women. We also argue that it highlights that health professionals should be careful because there still remains a great deal of uncertainty regarding the risk factors and causes of breast cancer in women.

Abstract

Through strategically implementing sustainable practices, businesses can enhance their public image and incentivize consumers to purchase environmentally friendly products. In recent years, many enterprises have actively pursued corporate social responsibility, striving to achieve profitability, fairness, and societal benefits simultaneously, thus creating a beneficial cycle for both businesses and the environment. The COVID-19 pandemic has altered brand perceptions and consumer habits, impacting not only packaging materials, product life cycles, and corporate social responsibility but also significantly impacted sustainability. Personal care products are utilized by individuals on a daily basis, emphasizing the need to consider various indicators in designing brand image strategies to ensure sustainable development. This study focuses on indicators for sustainable brand image design strategies within the personal care product indicators, employing a modified Delphi method to establish these indicators. The relative weights of these indicators were determined using the Analytic Hierarchy Process. The research findings underscore that conveying brand ideals to consumers, committing to brand values, enhancing brand visibility, and creating value are considered the most crucial indicators in the design of sustainable branding strategies for personal care products. These results provide essential insights for researchers and brand developers to formulate corresponding strategies, thereby achieving sustainable brand development and enhancing competitiveness.

Introduction

With the promotion of the concept of environmental protection and sustainability, consumers increasingly prefer sustainable products, thus, sustainability has become a key strategy for corporate development. If environment-friendly corporations can motivate consumers to buy green products, it will be helpful to the global trend of environmental protection [1]. Consumers pay more and more attention to sustainable lifestyles, and they not only consider environmental protection but also expect to gain personal advantages from green products. Green is promoted in various areas, such as green energy in production and manufacturing or environment-friendly and zero-waste packaging [2]. Papanek pointed out that the development of products (goods and services) would directly affect society and the environment [3]; sustainable strategies can reduce the effects of the life cycle, and more importantly, change consumer behaviors [4]. The appropriate ecological protection requires adequate environmental awareness, and consumers with high awareness are more likely to have sustainable purchasing behaviors [5]. Encouraging consumers to buy environment-friendly products not only brings benefits to the environment but also creates opportunities for corporations. By properly implementing sustainable strategies, corporations can improve their image and convince consumers that they are environmentally responsible [6].

Sustainable development has been a focal point for researchers and professionals across various fields, such as engineering, business, and design. It encompasses three dimensions, environment, experience, and society, necessitating collective balance and optimization [7]. Internationally, renowned multinational corporations, including IKEA, 3M, The Body Shop, and Patagonia, spanning home, daily use, beauty and skincare, and clothing brands, actively engage in global sustainable development issues, addressing procurement, consumption, and carbon reduction. In recent years, the global trend among corporations and brands is dedicated to reshaping the global economy for the benefit of humanity, communities, and the Earth. This has given rise to the emergence of socially beneficial enterprises committed to a sustainability assessment, reflecting a broader societal trend and marking a shift in business philosophy. Emphasizing the interconnectedness of public interests, these enterprises showcase the capacity for corporate self-reflection and driving transformative change [8]. Nobel economist Robert Shiller contends that socially beneficial enterprises represent an innovative organizational model capable of generating more profits than traditional corporations. These enterprises leverage business to address societal and environmental challenges, thereby influencing legal obligations and corporate culture [9].

Conclusions

In today’s business environment, brands play a crucial role for both enterprises and products, with their image being the accumulation of consumers’ impressions of various elements. This study primarily conducts a quantitative evaluation of sustainable brand image design strategies for personal care products. Experts systematically analyze complex issues and employ quantitative calculations across different dimensions for assessment. However, the research has limitations, particularly the lack of consumer perspectives and discussions on the research topic. The study contributes to the existing literature by enhancing understanding in the field of brand management regarding the sustainable brand image of personal care products. Through quantified evaluations based on expert opinions, this study provides specific indicators for the sustainable brand image of personal care products, offering valuable references for future research. The methodological innovation applied allows for quantifying expert subjective evaluations, thereby enhancing the objectivity and accuracy of the assessment, potentially paving the way for new research avenues in similar studies.

Providing practical guidance is essential for brand designers and operators. This includes adopting eco-friendly materials, reducing energy consumption, and fostering values of mutual benefit. Moreover, brand ethos and commitments should be reflected in the brand’s visual identity to ensure alignment with their core values. By delivering both tangible and intangible value to consumers, brands can establish deeper connections and achieve sustainable development goals.

Abstract

This literature review aims to examine the relationship between Green Human Resource Management (G-HRM) practices and various outcomes, including employee green attitudes, employee green satisfaction, client green satisfaction, employee green behavior, and organizational green performance. We reviewed existing literature on G-HRM practices and their impact on the selected outcomes. The review process involved the identification of articles through a systematic search in Scopus and Web of Science databases from January 2013 to December 2023. The search retrieved 2142 citations; of them, a total of 17 articles were deemed eligible for this review. The reviewed literature provides good evidence supporting a positive predictive relationship between G-HRM practices and employee green attitudes, employee green satisfaction, client green satisfaction, employee green behavior, and organizational green performance. However, there is a notable gap in studies exploring the influence of G-HRM practices on employee and client satisfaction. Overall, G-HRM practices emerge as a crucial tool for fostering environmentally conscious attitudes and behaviors among employees, ultimately contributing to enhanced employee satisfaction and improved organizational ecological performance. Future research should pay attention to the mechanisms underlying these relationships and explore potential moderating factors to enrich our understanding of the interrelated dynamics between G-HRM practices and sustainable outcomes.

Introduction

The growing concern for environmental sustainability and corporate social responsibility has prompted organizations to adopt alternative avenues to meet these responsibilities (Martin et al. 2014). As emphasized by the United Nations General 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), organizations need to operationalize and integrate sustainability in their strategy, plans, and actions. Therefore, they can address the current and forthcoming stakeholder needs and ensure a better and sustainable future for all, balancing economic, social, and environmental development (Fonseca et al. 2020). Moreover, academic research (Leal Filho et al. 2023) highlights the need for stronger action to avoid major challenges such as climate catastrophe. One way to foster sustainable practices can be the application of Green Human Resource Management (G-HRM) (Pham et al. 2020). G-HRM, as a general term, refers to the integration of environmentally friendly practices into HRM strategies and policies (Ren and Hussain 2022). It is increasingly recognized as a means to enhance an organization’s environmental performance and overall effectiveness (Munawar et al. 2022).

The adoption of G-HRM policies represents a proactive approach by agencies to enhance their environmental and overall performance. By integrating G-HRM practices into HRM strategies, organizations aim to foster positive attitudes, behaviors, and overall performance (Farrukh et al. 2022). Previous studies of the impact of G-HRM policies on employee and organizational performance in terms of green attitudes, satisfaction, behaviors, environmental performance, and client satisfaction provided promising results. The body of literature examining the impact of G-HRM practices on organizational and employee performance underscores the pivotal role that environmentally conscious human resource practices play in shaping both individual and organizational outcomes (Faisal 2023). Scholars such as Ren et al. (2018) assert that G-HRM practices significantly influence employee attitudes and behaviors toward environmental sustainability, fostering a sense of ecological responsibility among employees (Ren et al. 2018). Additionally, research by Albloush et al. (2022) suggests a significant relationship exists between G-HRM and organizational performance, as well as between G-HRM and human capital development, demonstrating that integrating sustainability into human resource strategies can enhance an organization’s environmental standing (Albloush et al. 2022). These findings align with insights from other works, such as those by (Baykal et al. 2023) and (Shafaei et al. 2020), which highlight the positive impact of G-HRM on employee job satisfaction and commitment to green initiatives. However, the literature also reveals nuanced outcomes, as observed in the research by (Aggarwal and Agarwala 2023), which identifies the mediating role of organizational culture in the effectiveness of G-HRM practices.

Conclusions

In conclusion, the reviewed literature provides good evidence supporting the positive predictive relationship between G-HRM practices and employee green attitudes, employee green satisfaction, client green satisfaction, employee green behavior, and organizational green performance. However, limited studies have examined the influence of G-HRM practices on employee and client satisfaction, and there is a need to include these outcomes in future studies. As organizations prioritize sustainability, G-HRM practices emerge as a critical tool for fostering environmentally conscious attitudes and behaviors, thereby contributing to both employee satisfaction and organizational ecological performance. Future research should focus more on the mechanisms underlying these relationships and explore potential moderating factors to further enhance our understanding of the dynamics between G-HRM practices and sustainable outcomes.

Abstract

The primary purpose of this article is to determine the relationship between employer brand attractiveness, which is considered to be critical in achieving sustainable human resource management and organizational commitment, and to reveal the moderating role of perceived organizational support in this relationship. The research was conducted on the employees of 5-star hotels in Manavgat, one of the most popular tourist destinations in Turkey. Data were collected between June and October 2023. The hypothetical model was developed based on the results obtained and was tested using the AMOS program (IBM SPSS AMOS 22). Accordingly, the Process macro (model 1) was found to be the most appropriate model for determining moderating effects. The results of this study revealed a positive relationship between the economic, social, development, and application dimensions of employer brand attractiveness and organizational commitment. On the other hand, it was concluded that interest value did not have a statistically significant effect on organizational commitment. Moreover, it was also determined in the results of this study that perceived organizational support has a moderating role in the relationship between employer brand attractiveness dimensions and organizational commitment. It is believed that the research findings concerning the relationships between the variables and the moderating effect of perceived organizational support will contribute to filling a gap in the relevant literature. In light of the findings, a number of theoretical and practical implications have been presented for tourism and hospitality organizations and academicians on sustainable human resource management.

Introduction

The gradual deterioration of the natural environment caused by human activity has led to the necessity of proposing the concept of sustainable development. Consequently, the safeguarding of the natural environment and resources for the benefit of future generations has become a global obligation [1]. In addition, contemporary businesses are developing novel management strategies in response to the global imperative [2]. The concept of sustainable development is not limited to economic considerations but encompasses social and ecological aspects as well [3]. The application of the concept of sustainable development at the business level necessitates an understanding of the social and ecological contributions of business processes while seeking to meet the expectations of all stakeholders. This encompasses the financial expectations of owners and shareholders and the security and stability needs of employees and other groups that interact with the business [4]. The most crucial aspect of sustainable enterprise development is the identification of the optimal human resources [5]. It can be observed that the enhancement of the social and environmental efficacy of enterprises is contingent upon the role of the human factor. The implementation of environmentally oriented policies and procedures can be effectively carried out by individuals who possess a positive attitude towards the environment, possess the requisite competencies and knowledge to understand and address ecological issues, and are aware of the potential consequences of their actions on the environment. In this context, there are a number of advantages to be gained by businesses that adopt sustainable human resources practices in their personnel selection procedures [6].

Conclusions

In the tourism sector, which is a labor-intensive sector, it is quite important to create brand attractiveness and the desire of employees to continue working in the organization. An employee who is loyal to the company he/she serves will significantly lower the employee turnover rate. In the present study, considering these aspects, the relationship between employer brand attractiveness, continuance commitment, and perceived organizational support has been determined. The effects of economic value, social value, development value, interest value, and application value, which are the sub-dimensions of employer brand attractiveness, on continuance commitment were analyzed. The concept of organizational support suggests that when employees feel supported by the organization, their behaviors tend to benefit the company. Employer Branding is an important tool within the talent management process. In this context, this study has investigated the potential moderating role of perceived organizational support in the relationship between the sub-dimensions of employer brand attractiveness and continuance commitment. A model has been developed and evaluated based on these obtained data.

After examining the effect of employer brand attractiveness sub-dimensions on organizational commitment, it was found that the sub-dimensions of employer brand attractiveness, including economic value, social value, developmental value, and application value, affect organizational commitment. It is well known that employer brand value affects the variables of job satisfaction, organizational loyalty, behavioral intention, branding in tourism, and affective organization commitment, and this study has confirmed its effect on continuance commitment. An important finding of this study is that the benefit value does not influence continuance commitment.

Abstract

Social media marketing has become a crucial component of contemporary business strategies, significantly influencing brand visibility, customer engagement, and sales growth. The aim of this study is to investigate and determine the key factors guiding customer attitudes towards social media influencers, and, on that basis, to explore their effects on purchase intentions regarding advertised products or services. A total of 376 filled-in questionnaires from an online survey were analysed. The main characteristics of digital influencers’ behaviour that affect consumer perceptions have been systematized and categorized through a combination of both traditional and advanced data analysis methods. Structural equation modelling (SEM), machine learning and multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) methods were selected to uncover the hidden dependencies between variables from the perspective of social media users. The developed models elucidate the underlying relationships that shape the acceptance mechanism of influencers’ messages. The obtained results provide specific recommendations for stakeholders across the social media marketing value chain. Marketers can make informed decisions and optimize influencer marketing strategies to enhance user experience and increase conversion rates. Working collaboratively, marketers and influencers can create impactful and successful marketing campaigns that resonate with the target audience and drive meaningful results. Customers benefit from more tailored and engaging influencer content that aligns with their interests and preferences, fostering a stronger connection with brands and potentially affecting their purchase decisions. As the perception of customer satisfaction is an individual and evolving process, stakeholders should organize regular evaluations of influencer marketing data and explore the possibilities to ensure the continuous improvement of this e-marketing channel.

Introduction

Social media influencers, also referred to as digital influencers, online influencers or internet influencers, came into prominence at the beginning of the 21st century, during the transition from the early Web 1.0 environment to the collaborative Web 2.0 era. Initially, companies only sought celebrities to stimulate successful product sales. Today, online influencers are key figures who attract and captivate audiences with their specialized knowledge or intriguing lifestyle, making them valuable assets for brands when establishing a strong online presence [1]. Influencer marketing is a form of internet advertising that builds brand loyalty based on the reputation, recommendations, and popularity of a given celebrity or well-known personality [2]. The rise of social media has turned influencer marketing into a preferred tool for brand awareness and sales promotions.

The COVID-19 health crisis has been one of the catalysts for technological advancements in marketing strategies. As people spent more time online due to lockdowns and restrictions, online influencers became key marketing instruments for brands to connect with their target audiences. The pandemic led to a greater proliferation of social media influencers as sources of information and product recommendations [3,4].

According to Statista’s analysis [5], the global influencer marketing market was valued at USD 21.1 billion as of 2023, representing a substantial increase of 224.6% from the pre-pandemic level of USD 6.5 billion in 2019 and a 28.7% increase from the previous year’s level of USD 16.4 billion in 2022. As per the Influencer Marketing Hub report [6], the influencer marketing industry is projected to reach around 24 billion by the end of 2024. In this report, nearly a quarter of the surveyed participants planned to allocate over 40% of their total marketing budget to influencer campaigns. This growth underscores the importance of influencer marketing as a communication channel for reaching and engaging audiences.

Conclusions and Future Research

Social media marketing has revolutionized business–customer interactions, providing various platforms for online engagement. By delivering valuable content in an interactive manner, social media influencers bridge the gap between brands and consumers, empowering companies to transform their advertising strategies and extend their reach beyond geographical constraints. This digital marketing tool enhances business-to-customer relationships by facilitating collaboration and efficiency in interactions.

In this study, we explore the characteristics of social media influencers, highlighting their transformative effect on brand perception and consumer behaviour. The key findings are outlined below:

Abstract

Schizophrenia (SCZ) and obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) typically have distinct diagnostic criteria and treatment approaches. SCZ is characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and cognitive impairments, while OCD involves persistent, intrusive thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive behaviors (compulsions). The co-occurrence of these disorders increases clinical complexity and poses significant challenges for diagnosis and treatment. Epidemiological studies indicate a significant overlap, with prevalence rates of comorbid OCD in SCZ patients ranging from 12% to 25%, which is higher than in the general population. Etiological hypotheses suggest shared genetic, neurobiological, and environmental factors, with genetic studies identifying common loci and pathways, such as glutamatergic and dopaminergic systems. Neuroimaging studies reveal both overlapping and distinct neural abnormalities, indicating shared and unique neurobiological substrates. Environmental factors, like early life stressors and urbanicity, also contribute to the comorbidity. The overlapping clinical features of both disorders complicate diagnosis. Treatment approaches include combining SSRIs with antipsychotics and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). The complexity of SCZ and OCD comorbidity underscores the need for a dimensional, spectrum-based perspective on psychiatric disorders, alongside traditional categorical approaches, to improve diagnosis and treatment outcomes.

Introduction

Schizophrenia (SCZ) and obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) are both debilitating psychiatric conditions, each with distinct diagnostic criteria and treatment approaches. SCZ, as defined in the DSM-5 [1], is a chronic mental disorder characterized by a range of symptoms, including delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior, and cognitive impairments [2,3]. These symptoms must be present for a significant portion of time during a one-month period, with continuous signs of disturbance persisting for at least six months, significantly impacting various areas of functioning, such as work, interpersonal relations, and self-care [1]. SCZ’s influence on everyday life can be profound, often leading to significant disabilities and incomplete recovery for many individuals [4]. Those with relatively positive outcomes still contend with social isolation, the stigma associated with the disorder, and fewer opportunities to build close relationships. Unemployment rates are exceptionally high among those with SCZ [5,6]. Common issues, such as unhealthy diet, weight gain, smoking, and substance abuse, contribute to a decreased life expectancy, shortening it by about 13 to 15 years [5,6]. Moreover, the risk of suicide over a lifetime for individuals with SCZ is estimated to be between 5% and 10% [7].

OCD, on the other hand, involves persistent, intrusive thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive behaviors (compulsions) aimed at reducing the anxiety generated by these thoughts [8,9]. Obsessions are defined as recurrent and persistent thoughts, urges, or images that are experienced as intrusive and unwanted, causing marked anxiety or distress. Compulsions are defined as repetitive behaviors or mental acts that an individual feels driven to perform in response to an obsession or according to rigid rules and as being time-consuming or causing significant distress or impairment in important areas of functioning [1]. OCD profoundly affects daily life, causing significant distress and impairment. Individuals with OCD often devote excessive time to their obsessions and compulsions, disrupting work, education, and personal relationships [10]. The disorder severely limits social and occupational functioning, with studies indicating that up to 60% of those with OCD experience moderate to severe daily impairment [10,11]. The quality of life for these individuals is considerably lower than that of the general population, with high comorbidity rates for depression and anxiety [9,10]. Regarding mortality, OCD is linked to a heightened risk of suicide; the lifetime prevalence of suicidal thoughts among individuals with OCD ranges from 36% to 63%, and the risk of suicide attempts is between 10% and 27% [12].

Discussion

The literature shows various overlapping factors between SCZ and OCD. Both disorders are fundamental pathological entities in psychiatry, due to their prevalence and the burden they impose [11,15,16,17,18]. They share a complex etiological and pathophysiological component, comprising genetic, environmental, and neurostructural elements [23,38,54,82]. Our review highlights how some of these elements demonstrate the following commonalities: shared genetic factors, environmental circumstances that may underlie both disorders, and shared neurostructural alterations. It is important, therefore, to consider studies that demonstrate common etiological and clinical characteristics. For example, a recent study using integrated bioinformatic analysis has highlighted shared genetic and molecular mechanisms between SCZ and OCD [119].

Due to the shared features and differing elements between the two disorders, treatment remains challenging. The pharmacological profiles of treatments for SCZ and OCD differ significantly, with SGAs potentially inducing obsessive symptoms by antagonizing the 5HT2A receptor [90]. Hence, further studies are necessary to determine the best treatment for OCSs in patients with schizophrenia. Preliminary recommendations include combining an antipsychotic with an SSRI, such as escitalopram [95].

Abstract

This study explores the impact of social media marketing activities and ESG green brand involvement on the repurchase intention of green products among members of Taiwan’s green product social media groups. Using the Theory of Reasoned Action, the study employs a quantitative approach, collecting data through an online survey from 438 valid responses. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was applied to analyze the relationships between social media marketing activities (independent variable), green values, environmental concerns, brand image, and brand involvement (mediating variables), and repurchase intention (dependent variable). The findings reveal that social media marketing activities significantly enhance green values, environmental concerns, and brand image, which positively influence brand involvement. Brand involvement significantly mediates the relationship between green values, environmental concerns, brand image, and repurchase intention. This confirms that effective social media marketing can strengthen consumer loyalty and repurchase intentions for green products. The study suggests that companies should integrate green values, environmental concerns, and brand image into their social media marketing strategies to enhance consumer engagement and repurchase intentions. Leveraging social media influencers and interactive content can effectively promote green products and foster a culture of sustainability, creating a win–win situation for companies, consumers, and the environment. This research contributes to the literature by highlighting the mediating roles of green values, environmental concerns, and brand involvement in social media marketing for green products. It provides practical insights for companies aiming to enhance green product repurchase intentions through targeted social media strategies and ESG initiatives, illustrating the strategic use of social media marketing to boost consumer loyalty and sustainable consumption.

Introduction

The effects of global warming include the melting of polar ice, sea level rise inundating low-lying coastal areas, and global climate changes that result in heavy rains, droughts, and even desertification [1,2]. Global warming poses a threat to ecosystems, food chains, water resources, human activities, and public safety [3,4]. The primary cause of global warming is the emission of greenhouse gases, particularly carbon dioxide, which is directly or indirectly emitted by human activities [5]. As the world’s population reaches 8 billion, the climate and environmental quality are suffering a heavy price. Green products have a minimal impact on the environment throughout their life cycle, from production to disposal. They are typically made using sustainable materials and processes, designed to be energy-efficient, and often include features that reduce pollution. Green products aim to conserve resources, reduce the carbon footprint, and promote environmental sustainability [6,7]. To promote the production and sale of green products, reduce corporate carbon emissions, minimize the environmental impact of production lines, and enhance energy efficiency, the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) released the report “Who Cares Wins”. The report stresses the importance of business operators and investors balancing profit with their responsibilities. It clearly states that companies should prioritize ESG principles: environmental protection, social responsibility, and corporate governance [8]. Within these principles, environmental protection includes the standards to be considered in the design and manufacture of green products.

The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and various environmental NGOs worldwide have advocated for and promoted the production and marketing of green products [9,10]. Emphasis on ESG (environmental, social, and governance) principles in sustainable corporate development, rising consumer awareness, and governmental environmental regulations are driving companies to shift towards producing green goods. However, the design and manufacturing of green goods often incur higher costs, leading to higher prices and reduced product competitiveness. To prevent companies from hesitating to switch to green products production due to higher costs, a direct solution is needed to enhance consumer purchase behavior regarding green products. This, in turn, boosts companies’ willingness to produce green products, creating a win-win situation for businesses, consumers, and environmental protection.

Results

4. Results
4.1. Descriptive Analysis
The majority of the respondents were male, with 292 people making up 66.7% of the total. Most of the respondents were married, with 347 people representing 79.2%. In terms of education, 317 respondents, or 72.4%, had a graduate degree or higher. Additionally, 304 respondents, or 69.4%, had a monthly income of TWD 70,001 or higher. These details are summarized in Table 1.

4.2. Structural Equation Modeling
4.2.1. Measurement Model Test
1. Convergent Validity
According to Anderson and Gerbing [103], a complete structural equation model (SEM) analysis should be divided into at least two stages. The first stage involves the measurement model, followed by the evaluation of the structural model in the second stage. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) is equivalent to measurement model evaluation and is part of SEM analysis. In this study, the evaluation and refinement of CFA measurement models were based on the two-stage approach proposed by Kline [104]. If the measurement model fit is acceptable, the complete SEM model can then be reported. The measurement model was estimated using the maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) method. The estimated parameters included factor loadings, reliability, convergent validity, and discriminant validity. Table 2 provides the standardized factor loadings, composite reliability, and average variance extracted (AVE). According to Fornell and Larcker [105] criteria for convergent validity, the following conditions must be met: first, the standardized factor loading for each variable should be higher than 0.50; second, composite reliability should exceed 0.60; and third, the average variance extracted should be higher than 0.50.