The use of performance enhancing drugs continues to be an ethical concern in North American collegiate sporting environments (Yusko, Buckman, White, & Pandina, 2008). The non-medical use of anabolic steroids has been shown to be associated with student-level characteristics including being male and participating in intercollegiate athletics (McCabe, Browner, West, & Nelson, 2007). This case study presents the story of a highly publicized doping scandal through the lens of an acting director of athletics. The aim of this case study is to challenge students to think critically about the importance of creating ethical team and organizational cultures. Students will engage relevant theory to offer explanations of the incident, as well as use theory to develop effective interventions and preventative measures that can be applied to team sports environments. The theoretical explanations offered in this case study are combined with the results of the independent review of the incident, which included interviews with coaches, athletes, support staff, administrators, and subject matter experts. After completing this case study, it is expected that students will have a better understanding of the multifaceted and complex nature of the problem of banned PEDs use among elite, university-level athletes.

Abstract
This introductory article of the special issue “Islamic Banking and Finance II” highlights various studies on fast-growing Islamic finance industry. It focuses specifically on Islamic banking and Islamic capital market research. To date, scholarly research on Islamic finance is mainly confined to empirical verification of its performance on the argument that the Islamic finance is distinct from conventional finance. While more works need to be done to soundly and concretely justify the viability of Islamic finance, future works should aim at placing the Islamic foundations of the industry in proper theoretical settings beyond the statement that it is different. In addition, theoretically and empirically, demonstration of its bearings on economic well-beings and policies such as economic stability, financial inclusion, economic development, and stabilization policies is needed.

With increasingly uncertain and volatile business environments, strategic flexibility, which refers to firms’ ability to reallocate and reconfigure their organizational resources, processes, and strategies to deal with environmental changes (Zhou and Wu, 2010), is a key business imperative (Sambamurthy et al., 2003; Chen et al., 2014). Firms’ chances of survival in volatile marketplaces, global competition, shortened product life cycles, and customer pressures for tailored offerings depend largely on their ability to adapt rapidly to environmental changes (Nadkarni and Herrmann, 2010; Zhou and Wu, 2010). Faced with these challenging external demands, firms’ adaptability seems to hinge on their strategic flexibility (Drnevich and Croson, 2013). Information technology (IT) is a key enabler of strategic flexibility, and firms reply on it for automation, cost reduction, and improvement of operational efficiency (Duncan, 1995; Bhatt and Grover, 2005). Beyond supporting tactical and operational impacts, IT is instrumental in helping firms support or transform strategies, business models, and relationships between companies and their partners and customers (Bharadwaj et al., 2013). IT provides companies with advanced computing capacity, information processing and analytic abilities, and stronger empowering capabilities, helping them enter new markets and launch new ways to conduct business. For example, the Chinese mobile-device maker Xiaomi has built a community of fans to collect feedback and recommendations for product designs (McKinsey, 2015). Chemical manufacturers use big data to help farmers monitor crop conditions in real time and customize their offerings to increase farm yields (McKinsey, 2015). IT is needed to support firms’ rapid product development, and collection and dissemination of market, product and process information to respond effectively to unanticipated changes in the business environment. Recent studies posit that IT capabilities (e.g., IT management and IT competencies) help firms to exploit opportunities and reconfigure IT resources to avoid disadvantageous outcomes, demonstrating IT’s key role in attaining and deploying strategic flexibility.1 Extant conceptual frameworks propose several relationships involving IT capabilities, flexibility and firm performance, and recent papers have examined the proposed relationships empirically. For example, Lu and Ramamurthy (2011) provide evidence of the links between IT capabilities and operational and marketing flexibility. Tallon and Pinsonneault (2011) consider the relations between the combination of customer, partnering and operational flexibility, and organizational performance as moderated by environmental volatility. Chen et al. (2014) show that IT capability can improve firm performance by means of process flexibility.

Security is the concept of keeping information secret by protecting it from unauthorized users. In order to keep a data secured it must be hidden from unauthorized access (confidentiality), prevented from modifications (integrity) and available to authorized persons when needed (availability). Confidentiality, integrity and availability are thus, the three security goals (Forouzan, 2007, ). Security goals can be implemented using several techniques among which cryptography is the most general and widely prevalent one. Cryptography is a term of Greek origin meaning secret writing. In earlier days, cryptography referred only to the process of encryption and decryption, but today cryptography involves more complex processes and procedures. Any cryptographic system is usually characterized by three main dimensions, viz., the operations involved in the transformation of plain text to cipher text, the number of secret keys used and the method of processing the plain text (Stallings, 2011). Based on this, there are two broad classifications of cryptosystems. One is the symmetric-key cryptosystem (or shared-key cryptosystem) and the other is the asymmetric-key cryptosystem (or public-key cryptosystem). In symmetric key cryptosystem, encryption and decryption are done using the same key whereas in a public-key cryptosystem, encryption and decryption are done using two different keys. Among the two keys, one key is private and the other is public. Generally encryption is done using public key and decryption is done using private key but some schemes do the vice versa. In public-key cryptosystems, finding the private key from the public key is computationally infeasible. A public-key cryptosystem has six components e 1) Plain text; 2) Encryption algorithm; 3) Public Key; 4) Private Key; 5) Decryption algorithm; 6) Cipher text. The entire cryptosystem evolves around these key components. Public-key cryptosystems can be used for encryption/decryption, to create digital signatures and for key exchange. Among the public-key cryptosystems, the most popular one is the RSA cryptosystem developed by Rivest et al. (1978) at MIT. The RSA algorithm can be described as follows.

Many brittle fractures were observed in the beam-tocolumn connections of steel moment resisting frames (SMRFs) after the Northridge earthquake in 1994 and the Kobe earthquake in 1995 (Miller, 1998). In order to overcome this issue, some approaches have focused on increasing the stiffness of the connection, while others have focused on shifting the location of inelasticity away from the beam-column connection. In the latter case, the beam section can be intentionally weakened at a specific distance from the beam-column connection. As a result, plastic hinges will form within the reduced section of the beam away from the column’s face. Intentional reduction can be introduced in the flanges of the beam, creating a reduced beam section (RBS), or reduction can be introduced in the web of the beam, creating a reduced web section (RWS). Extensive experimental studies confirm that RBS connections develop high inelastic deformations and sustain acceptable plastic rotations (Engelhardt et al., 1998; Chen, 2001; Jin and El-Tawil, 2005; Ricles et al., 2004; Itani et al., 2004). However, investigations about the RWS connections are still scattered and scarce. The results of limited analyses carried out by Kazemi and Hoseinzadeh Asl (2001) showed that the frames with RWS connections can provide at least the same level of seismic improvement as frames with RBS connections. Lepage et al. (2004) used the reduced web section beams in SMRFs, and the reduced zones of the beams were modeled using uncoupled rigid-plastic springs. Moreover, nonlinear behavior and ultimate capacity of plate girders utilizing circular or rectangular web openings were investigated by Shanmugan et al. (2002). It is important to note that utilizing RBS connections can cause a reduction in frame stiffness, and this reduction may lead to at least 4 percent increase in story drift ratio (Lee and Chung, 2007). However, introducing a perforation in the beam web does not have a significant effect on the lateral stiffness of the frame. Experimental studies have shown that seismic energy will be dissipated by local deformation in the perforated regions of the beams in the case of severe earthquake action. In these beams, the expected failure mode of a ductile frame, i.e., ‘strong column but weak beam’ and ‘strong connection but weak component’, will be reached, which will improve the seismic behavior of SMRFs (Qingshan et al., 2009). Previous investigations have demonstrated that RWS steel beams with various opening shapes and sizes behave similarly in terms of deformed shapes under a wide range of applied bending moments and shear forces (Liu and Chung, 2003; Kazemi et al., 2012). Moreover, the failure modes are common among all beams, namely, shear failure, exural failure and Vierendeel mechanism, depending on the loading, the support conditions of the beams and the location of the web openings along the beam length. Furthermore, the load-deflection curves of RWS steel beams with different perforation shapes and sizes are also very similar to each other (Liu and Chung 2003; Kazemi et al., 2012). Experimental tests have shown that using L-shaped plates as stiffeners in the perforated area in RWS connections improves seismic performance of steel moment frames (Mirghaderi et al., 2013). In addition, Kazemi and Erfani (2007) proposed a shear-flexural mixed link element, called a VM link element that can be used for considering the interaction between the shear force and the flexural moment in reduced web beam connections.

We live at a time when we are being surrounded by an enormous amount of advertising messages, most of which we do not even notice. The market is over-saturated with lots of products and services, which on a daily basis are being pushed into the attention of potential customers. Suhányi (2011) states that in most cases, the competitive advantage does not lie only in a quality product or a great idea, but it is actually marketing and an optimal use of its tools that can on a decisive level decide about the success or failure of a product or service in the market. There are authors who point out that higher education institutions should be marketed more and also managed more like corporate brands (Schüller & Chalupský, 2012). Whelan & Wohlfeil (2006) and Maringe & Carter (2007) state that university managers and academics have to consider the marketing not as an alien concept imported from the business world, but as both a viable philosophy and strategy for developing an higher education sector which meets the needs of home-based and international customers. With regards to this topic, many authors specialise in emarketing communication tools, where the main focus is on website evaluation, e.g. Bauer & Scharl (2002); Nielsen (2000); Rovňák (2010). Their research focuses on improving the quality of websites and on the possibilities of the use of e-marketing tools for marketing communication. A number of authors concentrate on these issues, such as Castro, Marcos & Caceres (2004); Kaplan & Haenlein (2010); Dekker (2007), Lewis et al. (2008); Krombholz et al. (2012); Durkasree & Ramesh (2011); Huttmanová & Synčáková (2009); Otim & Grover (2006); Parasaruman & Zinkhan (2002); Rajnoha et al. (2013). Based on the above and on research carried out in this field, the aim of this paper is to describe specific aspects regarding the use of e-marketing tools as a factor influencing the perception of the image of a higher education institution among its target groups.

2. Theory

After a long period of exclusive focus on traditional media, public relations have thanks to the Internet become real relations with the members of the public, where various forms of on-line content allow the organisations to communicate directly with the consumers (Scott, 2010). The Internet has become a key, or one could say a strategic weapon: this is significant given the current hyper-competitive environment, which simultaneously raises the question of its reliability (Davidavičienė & Tolvaišas, 2011; Aladwani, 2006). The significance of online marketing is currently increasing, as we can observe changes in the ways people communicate and also in the ways they spend their free time. The advantage of the Internet as a communication medium likewise lies in the fact that it allows us to target the conveyed information at a precisely specified audience segment (Phillips, 2009). These facts seem important from the perspective of their use in public relations activities not only in the business sphere, but also in academic environment. Watson & Noble (2007) state that public relations in an online environment are mainly about convincing the public to use this medium to make positive comments about the organisation’s products or services. Unlike the off-line environment, the nature of the Internet provides a possibility to quickly connect without any geographical constraints groups of people who are interested in discussing the organisation and its parts.

The potential benefits and opportunities that can be obtained from social media make successful social media implementation essential to effective marketing strategy (Barnes, 2010). Specific benefits to B2B (Business to Business) organisations have been identified in a recent study which found that social media addressed lead generation, which is a significant issue for B2B marketers (Schulze, 2013). Social media also has the capability to reinforce brand images over time in different contexts to B2B purchase decision-making targets (Rindell and Strandvik, 2010). The most commonly cited B2B applications of social media include: posting content on a company blog, building relationships with bloggers, community moderators and social influencers and uploading content to social sharing sites such as YouTube, Flickr, and SlideShare (Schulze, 2013). Nevertheless, despite the apparent use of social media by B2B marketers, the academic literature reports that B2B marketers are lagging behind Business to Consumer (B2C) marketers in both use and the level of sophistication of social media (Adiele, 2011, Bruhn et al., 2014, Simmons et al., 2010). These findings have been supported in a recent B2B study on social media. Marx (2013) summarised the findings by saying: “Amazingly, many B2B marketers still don’t get social media”. Director of the study, Christine Moorman, attributes this to B2B marketers having an inappropriate tactical perspective regarding social media, noting that, “the biggest challenge is that many (B2B) companies see social media as a cute promotional activity when it can be a strategic marketing activity” (Marx, 2013). Despite the fact that social media presents a significant opportunity for B2B organisations, the quality of implementation throughout the sector itself also varies substantially. According to Brian Kardon, CMO at Lattice Engines, “social media is becoming a real competitive advantage for the (B2B) companies that do it well; the gap is widening between the companies that have been organizing around social media and those that have not” (Marx, 2013). The lack of implementation guidelines for B2B managers suggests that an organisational orientation framework should be considered. An appropriate organisational orientation model is likely to help B2B managers to bridge the gap between B2B and B2C social media regarding usage and sophistication. Unlike traditional market orientation models (Kohli and Jaworski, 1990, Narver and Slater, 1990, Callaghan et al., 1995), the electronic marketing orientation (EMO) has been specifically developed to address electronic and digital marketing and hence is appropriate for the implementation of social media in B2B marketing.

The importance of entrepreneurship which has become a popular subject today is gradually increasing day by day. Not only entrepreneurship being the dynamo of development, but also strategy and strategic thinking particularly in terms of companies has become highly important. Today’s business world has to be entrepreneurial and strategic in order to create wealth and to be competitive. In this sense, the concept of strategic entrepreneurship that is the intersection of entrepreneurship and strategic management appears as a new approach in management literature. In this study, strategic entrepreneurship is analyzed, and its importance for companies is discussed.

2. Entrepreneurship

The concept of entrepreneurship stands for “the act of being an entrepreneur”, and has been derived from the French word “entreprendre” meaning “pursuing the opportunities; undertaking- embarking; meeting the needs and demands via initiating an innovation DQG ZRUN g]HU DQG 7RSDOR÷OX  $OVR WKH FRQFHSW RI entrepreneurship derived from the German word “unternehmen” stands for the act “üstlenmek” in Turkish (Güney, 2008: 55). The notion of entrepreneur has been derived from the “intare” root in Latin, “enter (introduction) and pre (first)” word roots in English and meaning “entrepreneur”, i.e. the one first initiates and starts. According to the historical records, the notion of entrepreneur was first used to express those who undertook guiding the long military journeys in the 17th century French military terminology. However, this term was first used by the economist Richard Cantillon who lived in France at the beginning of the 18th century and it was defined as “the person who buys and  As of the French economist J.B. Say, entrepreneurship has been accepted as the fourth production factor and therefore entrepreneurship has been included in such classical production factors as labor, capital and nature. However, the subject has become more important with the notion of “dynamic entrepreneur” suggested by J.Von Schumpeter. Here, dynamic entrepreneurs who apply new sales markets, new processes, new sources of supply, new products and new organization types and substitute the old one with the new one are considered as the most LPSRUWDQW DFWRUV RI HFRQRPLF JURZWK 0IWR÷OX DQG ‘XUXNDQ  &DQWLOORQ DQG .QLJKW GHILQHG WKH entrepreneurship by the characteristics of taking risk and interpreted entrepreneurship as “the process of utilizing the opportunities by taking risk for profit”. Schumpeter defined entrepreneurship according to its innovative characteristics. Kirzner defined entrepreneurship according to its opportunist characteristics. Accordingly, Kirzner defined entrepreneurship as “the entrepreneur who takes the profit opportunity and highlighted the importance of competition” (Abiyev and Özgür, 2013: 126,127).

Empirical evidence continues to mount demonstrating the effectiveness of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) across a wide range of conditions [1, 2, 3]. In many head-tohead trials, ACT outcomes are comparable to those in more established gold-standard treatments for a particular difficulty, but only sometimes outperform those treatments [4, 5*]. Thus, efforts need to shift from “Is ACT effective?” to researching processes of change that may provide guidance for how to further improve outcomes. One way to improve outcomes would be to focus on new transdiagnostic processes, such as self-criticism and shame, which have been shown to play important roles in a variety of psychological disorders and issues, including depression [6], post-traumatic stress disorder [7], borderline personality disorder [8], eating disorders [9**], schizophrenia [10], addiction [11**], paranoid ideation and social anxiety and [12] narcissistic personality disorder [13]. An important contributor to self-criticism and shame is the societal devaluation of stigmatized identities. Shame is the emotional core of the experience of stigma [11**] and tends to involve fusion with beliefs of being flawed or unlovable [14]. Self-stigma involves the internalization of a socially devalued status. Shame, the main emotional component of stigma, impedes social engagement [15], promotes interpersonal disconnection [16], and interferes with interpersonal problem solving [17]. The ashamed person’s perspective is narrow, focused inward toward thoughts of a “bad self” [14]. In contrast to the socially-distancing and isolating effects of shame, compassion tends to evoke more flexible ways of responding and includes behavioral repertoires around caring for and relating to self and others that are associated with affilliative emotions such as warmth, interest, sympathetic joy, and pride [18]. As such, clinical interventions targeting shame and self-criticism often focus on fostering self-compassion [19, 20, 21].

International annual Seismic Design Competition (SDC) held in USA requires the design of a 3D multi-story (from 15 to 28 story) structure that is subjected to several recorded (and scaled down) and artificially generated earthquakes [1]. No failure is a fundamental criterion for winning the competition. Current study is an extract of the theoretical and experimental job carried out by the TUCN team that qualified for the final phase (Seattle, February 2013) of the competition. For designing the building several aspects have been taken into consideration, such as architecture, the environment, financial costs (investment/maintenance), all of which were subordinated to fundamental principles of seismic design. The resulting structure has a two axis in plane symmetry, and it’s based on a bundle tube concept, consisting of four 3D substructures located in the four corners. Each substructure is made up of 3D one bay frame that creates an open space inside, allowing a large freedom of inside arrangement at every level. For the theoretical study of the structure in what regards its seismic response, several scaled down earthquakes have been used: Northridge 1990, El Centro 1940, DAVIS – artificially generated earthquake (ground acceleration=1.57g). The dynamic model considered for this structure is the classical lumped mass vertical cantilever. Computed parameters refer to natural period of vibrations T1, seismically induced response (lateral displacement and accelerations, base shear). The experimental studies focused on recording the seismic responses in lateral displacement and acceleration, objective that has been achieved using a laboratory shaking table [2] equipped with digital transducers and recorders. A highly acceptable accuracy could be noted of experimental and theoretical results. Obtained results constituted the bases of a beforehand compulsory assessments of seismic response at the final stage of the SDC For a more accurate modelling of real loading, dead loads that act upon the structure have been represented with steel bars, mounted upon the structure at H/10 distance between them and perpendicular placed towards earthquake action direction (Fig.1).

Queueing theory has many applications but performance evaluation of computer networks and computer systems seems to be the most important one. The origins of queueing theory were also related to the transmission of information: first queueing models were proposed a hundred years ago by Agner Krarup Erlang to evaluate the performance of Copenhagen telephone exchange [1, 2] and by Tore Olaus Engset, traffic analyst and then director of Norvegian Televerket (now Telenor Group) [3]. Both of them were studying—already in these days of human operators and cord boards used to switch telephone calls by means of jack plugs—how many circuits were needed to provide an acceptable telephone service or how many telephone operators were needed to handle a given volume of calls. Their analysis was based on Markov models, they assumed that the new connection demands made Poisson process and the duration of connections was given by a negative exponential distribution. In a generic queueing model customers arrive to a service system at random intervals and are served during a random time: if the server is busy serving other customers, the arriving ones are queued. The model is expected to determine the distribution—or at least the mean value—of the number of customers in the system and their waiting time. If the number of customers that may be present in the system is limited, we are also interested in probability of rejection of an arriving customer. Kendall’s notation [4] is used to classify standard queueing nodes: in “A/B/c” A denotes the type of distribution of interarrival times, B—the type of service time distribution, and c the number of parallel servers. The symbol M (memoryless) on the place of A or B means that the corresponding distribution is exponential, Er, Hr Cr denote Erlang, hyperexponential, and Cox distributions of order r, D means deterministic, G is for general distribution, etc. The notation has since been extended to A/S/c/N/H/R where N is the capacity of the queue, H is the size of the customer source (if there are n customers present in a queueing system, it means that H −n may still arrive), and R is the queueing discipline, e.g. FIFO (First-in-First-out) means that the customers are served following the order of their arrival; when the final three parameters are not specified, it is assumed that N = ∞, H = ∞ and R = FIFO, see e.g. [5].

Understanding forecasts is important because of their pervasiveness in business decisions such as budgeting, compensation, and financial reporting. Inaccurate forecasts can reduce the effectiveness of the production planning process and negatively impact production efficiency, cost management, and ultimately firm performance (e.g., Bruggen, Grabner, & Sedatole, 2013). To increase the chance of obtaining accurate forecasts from an agent, a principal needs to be careful in designing the management control system that elicits such forecasts from the agent (e.g., Osband, 1989). One such control system that is commonly used is the planning and budgeting system of a firm (Merchant & Van der Stede, 2012). Within the planning and budgeting system, an important design choice is the level of aggregation at which the principal elicits forecasts from the agent. In practice, firms vary considerably in the level of aggregation of the information elicited by the planning and budgeting system (Merchant & Van der Stede, 2012). For example, top management can request that divisional managers prepare either an aggregated forecast (e.g., forecast total sales for the division) or a disaggregated forecast (e.g., forecast sales for individual products within the division) (see Kahn, 1998 and Lapide, 2006). Although managers are likely to prepare both disaggregated and aggregated forecasts for internal decision-making purposes, the level of forecast aggregation required by the budgeting system will determine which forecast is more salient to them. Further, research on the anchoring and adjustment bias suggests that managers likely anchor on the numbers in the forecast that are most salient to them (Bromiley, 1987; Tversky & Kahneman, 1974). Therefore, the level of aggregation at which the principal elicits forecasts from the agent should affect managers’ forecasts even when both types of forecasts are prepared. Although economic theory suggests that a rational agent will provide the same forecast of a summary performance measure regardless of the level of forecast aggregation (or forecast type), psychology theory suggests that forecast type will influence the quality of the agent’s forecasts, where forecast quality can refer to both the accuracy and optimism (or bias) in a forecast. We investigate how a control system design choice—forecast type—interacts with incentives to affect two dependent measures of forecast quality: forecast accuracy and forecast optimism. Forecast accuracy refers to the degree of closeness between a forecast and the actual outcome.