Highlights

Abstract

Graphical abstract

Keywords

۱٫ Introduction

۲٫ Green synthesis of fluoroquinolone derivatives

۳٫ Recent advances in green synthesis of fluoroquinolone derivatives and their role in anti-infective field

۴٫ Applications of fluoroquinolones

۵٫ Conclusion

۶٫ Future aspects

CRediT authorship contribution statement

Declaration of competing interest

Acknowledgements

Abbreviations

References

Abstract

Fluoroquinolones are of pivotal interest for scientists because of their excellent pharmacological and pharmacokinetic profiles. They have a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity and show several promising features such as, greater bioavailability, admirable tissue penetration and comparatively lower incidence of antagonistic and lethal effects. These have made the compounds highly desirable to combat several infectious diseases. Various synthetic conventions have been established to hasten the fluoroquinolone’s amination rate and to improve yield. Such methods have significant disadvantages including, costly reagents, usage of vast quantities of harmful solvents, excessive heat and sideways reactions. These drawbacks aren’t appropriate in current pharmaceutical market. Hence, it is highly desirable to develop a newer green and more efficient process for fluoroquinolones synthesis. Green chemistry methodology endeavours to achieve sustainability at the molecular level. The field of green chemistry has shown how chemists can design next-generation products and processes to make them more cost-effective while being virtuous for human health and the environment. This graphical review demonstrates the current developments in the synthesis of fluoroquinolones employing the principles of green chemistry by using the novel, recyclable and environmental-friendly catalysts and solvents.

۱٫ Introduction

The growing prevalence of bacterial and fungal resistance to a wide number of anti-microbial mediators in both community and hospital-acquired infections has become a significant and global well-being issue with approximately 15 million deaths per annum, as currently, accessible medicines may no longer be successful for resistant infections as a consequence of pathogenic microbes implementing a range of strategies to solve these problems [1]. This unwanted occurrence encouraged the researchers to focused on the advancement of newer materials from bio renewable and sustainable sources because of great concerns about the environment, waste accumulation and destruction and the inevitable depletion of fossil resources [2]. Green chemistry is a modern area of chemistry that is rapidly emerging. Its growing significance is in making the use of maximum available resources in such a way that the production of chemical waste is negligible or minimal. This is one of the superlative possible replacements for conventional methods of chemical synthesis. Through using the green methodology, we can’t only evade the usage of harmful and noxious chemicals, but also prevent the development of by-products. Therefore, they are flawlessly responsive to combinatorial synthesis automation. Gedye and Giguere, in 1986, first announced that the organic synthesis under microwave irradiation could be performed very quickly [3]. Microwave irradiation technique is another form of heating, based upon the capability of analogues to convert electromagnetic energy into heat. This approach will help to increase the rates of chemical reactions, yields and safer materials [4].