Abstract

۱٫ Introduction

۲٫ Experimental section

۳٫ Result

۴٫ Discussion

۵٫ Conclusion

Declaration of competing interest

Acknowledgements

References

Abstract

     Hydrogel is a nature scaffold that can degraded in animal body and can be used as a drug delivery system, we hypothesized that patch made of three layers of hydrogel with different PLGA nanoparticle drugs (bio-patch) can be used to decrease venous neointimal hyperplasia. Rat inferior vena cava (IVC) patch venoplasty model was used. Samples from rat IVC direct suture (DS), decellularized thoracic artery patch (TA) venoplasty and bovine pericardial patch (BPP) venoplasty were examined at day 14 after implantation. Sodium alginate and hyaluronic acid (SA/HA) hydrogel was used, three layers hydrogel patch (control) and three layers hydrogel patch with PLGA nanoparticle drugs (bio-patch) were used in rat IVC venoplasty. Patches were harvested at day 14 and analyzed. In rats, TA and BPP patch showed a thicker neointima and adventitia compared to the DS, there were larger numbers of CD68 and PCNA positive cells in both groups. The control hydrogel patch showed much thinner neointima and adventitia compared to TA and BPP patches. In both of the neointima and peri-patch area, bio-patch showed significantly fewer smooth muscle cells, fewer CD68, fewer PCNA positive cells, fewer collagen-1 positive cells, fewer p-smad2 positive cells, fewer TNF-α positive cells compared to control hydrogel patch. Bio-patch made of hydrogel and PLGA nanoparticle drugs showed a thinner neointimal thickness, and is biocompatible to the animal body.

Introduction

     Prosthetic vascular grafts like Dacron and expanded poly tetra fluoroethylene (ePTFE) have a lower patency rate in peripheral bypass surgeries [1,2]. Both grafts showed poor long-term patency rate when the diameter is smaller than 6 ​mm [3]. In addition, biological graft like cryopreserved allografts, bovine or porcine pericardium, are also commonly developed as vascular grafts [[4], [5], [6]]. However, these materials have a risk of infection, foreign body reaction as non-autologous materials, meanwhile they cannot be absorbed by the body, which limit their application [7]. Along with the advancement of material science and technologies, various of novel materials are emerging and under investigation in vascular surgery [[8], [9], [10]]. Decellularized fish swim bladder also showed potential application as tube and patch grafts [3], plant leaf can also be used a patch to repair rat inferior vena cava (IVC) [11,12]. Great progress has been made in the field of vascular patches recently, however, the big challenge of neointima formation still not be solved [13,14].

Conclusion

     In conclusion, we showed a novel idea to fabricate a three layers vascular patch with different PLGA nanoparticle drugs (bio-patch), this bio-patch can effectively decrease neointimal hyperplasia in a rat IVC venoplasty model; this research showed that the bio-patch may be a potential substitute of other prosthetic patches in vascular surgery.