مقاله انگلیسی رایگان در مورد وسایل نقلیه الکتریکی برای بهبود انعطاف پذیری سیستم های توزیع (الزویر)

Disasters are inevitable, and so are power outages due to storms that affect the distribution network; the only variables are location and severity. Super storm Sandy caused billions of dollars of damage and spawned a power outage for millions of people from several days to weeks (Blake, Kimberlain, Berg, Cangialosi, & Beven, 2012; Sullivan and Uccellini, 2013). The issue could lead to a life-threatening situation during severe weather outbreaks or during medical emergencies, which require special equipment. However, in most cases, power outages cause mere temporary inconvenience. Therefore, a range of different engineering solutions can be considered for different situations, and in the end, it will be a trade-off between capital investment, maintenance expenses and reliability. While improving the performance of existing structures and increasing their capability to withstand probable extreme weather events can be a solution (Willis and Novosel, 2017; Choobineh, Ansari, & Mohagheghi, 2015), resilience cannot be ensured and a solution is required to restore power locally until service is restored at the large grid level (Gholami, Aminifar, & Shahidehpour, 2016; Choobineh and Mohagheghi, 2016). Hence, while reducing the number of outages is of interest, resilience of the system is also dependent on how the grid will respond to such events. Employing the existing infrastructure has the potential to reduce the capital investment and maintenance expenses significantly. The objective of this paper is to mitigate the issue of supplying power to residential customers while the distribution network is unavailable by employing Electric Vehicles (EV). Although there are other types of power supplies in emergency cases such as diesel generators, deep-cycle batteries, and other Distributed Energy Resources (DER), in this work EVs are selected since they are now widely available and offer a cost-effective solution to the problem. In September 2014, the governor of California set a goal of placing at least one million zero- and near zero- emissions vehicles on the road in California by January 2023 (Gholami et al., 2016). According to the International Energy Agency, electric vehicles will reach a market penetration of approximately 20 million by 2020 (Trigg et al., 2013). Moreover, scheduled maintenance of EVs (probably by dealerships) can omit any extra Operation and Maintenance (O & M) costs and makes the solution even more economical in comparison to other solutions. Another advantage of employing electric vehicles is their rapid rate of growth and penetration. Society is also showing more interest in EVs in recent years. Prominent presence of EVs can also be due to the political will behind the deployment of EVs, reducing dependence on fossil fuels and carbon emission. Moreover, environmental and economic benefits of enhanced utilization of EVs make them an impressive player in smart grid structure.