مقاله انگلیسی رایگان در مورد ارزیابی مداخلات ضد دوپینگ نوجوانان در مدرسه

There is a need to fight doping at grassroots levels, and implement anti-doping interventions involving wider socialgroups (e.g., amateur athletes), inside and outside typical sports settings, such as schools. Two main reasons justify the needfor such an approach. Firstly, doping use tends to be disproportionately higher in non-athletes than among athletes (Wanjek,Rosendahl, Strauss, & Gabriel, 2007), and adolescents tend to be more susceptible to PES use (Dunn & White, 2011; Petroczi,2007); thus, implying that doping is an emerging public health issue, and not just a concern limited to the sports community.Secondly, sporting values in the social context can shape social norms towards doping and accordingly explain the formationof both public and individual (athlete) attitudes towards doping use. In support of this argument, Smith and Stewart (2010)found that values about sports shaped sporting culture, which then shaped attitudes towards doping use in sports amongathletes. Values about sports, including values related to doping use in sports, may be formed early in life, and endure toshape concomitant attitudes and behavioral tendencies at later stages. Thus, by targeting values about sports, interventionscould be effective in preventing the formation of pro-doping beliefs (e.g., that doping use is common practice in sports), andaccordingly, making doping less acceptable among sports consumers. This argument is supported by Petroczi and Aidman(2008), who argued that values of sports may represent both systemic and situational factors that can inhibit (or facilitate)the use of PES.

The anti-doping code issued by WADA recognizes 11 attributes that represent the essential values of the Spirit or Sports: ethics, fair play and honesty; health; excellence in performance; character and education; fun and joy; teamwork; dedication and commitment; respect for rules and laws; respect for the self and other participants; courage; community and solidarity. Mazanov, Huybers, and Connor (2012) used the best-worst scaling (BWS) approach to assess how the general public prioritized these attributes, and found that ethics, fair play, and honesty topped the list. Further on, Connor, Huybers and Mazanov (2011) identified 16 attributes that harm the integrity of sports, including doping use, alcohol and illicit drugs use, athlete misconduct (on and off-field), fan misconduct, corruption, emphasis on winning, exploitation of athletes, big business in sport, legal betting, preferential government funding of certain sports, lack of diversity in sport exposure and participation, media reporting of sport, gap between sport technology and the rules of sport, and mixing politics and sport. By applying the BWS approach, Connor et al. (2011) showed that doping, illicit drug use and corruption were the most prominent threats to the integrity of sports, and further argued that interventions aimed at developing an anti-doping culture should target the prioritization of both the essential values/attributes of sports, as well as the threats of the integrity of sports.

In addition to values, public attitudes and emergent social norms towards doping should also be considered in the design of anti-doping interventions (Moston, Engelberg, & Skinner, 2015; Moston, Skinner, & Engelberg, 2012). There is ample evidence showing that public attitudes towards regulatory policies, ranging from tobacco use in public places (e.g., Hyland et al., 2009) to pro-environmental action (Jones & Eiser, 2010), can shape actual implementation of these policies. In the context of doping, one key success indicator of anti-doping policy is the public’s awareness and attitudes towards doping (Stamm, Lamprecht, Kamber, Marti, & Mahler, 2008). To illustrate this point, Schneider (2006) made a case about public attitudes and anti-doping values in relation to the Tour de France. She argued that, to successfully promote an anti-doping culture in the Tour, public attitudes towards doping should be congruent with the (anti-doping) attitudes of officials and policy-makers.