مقاله انگلیسی رایگان در مورد بررسی فناوری اطلاعات 4G در صنعت ارتباطات تلفن همراه – الزویر 2017

Intangible asset development and protection are essential to sustain the competitive advantage of enterprises [1] [2]. R&D intensive companies use patents to protect the values of their innovations [3] and often develop strategies for patent infringement litigations to actively guard their commercial interests [4] [5]. In addition to patents, companies also use a combinations of other intellectual properties (IPs), e.g., trademarks, designs, plant varieties, copyrights, and other registered properties to gain a monopoly or competitive edges on the proprietary knowledge [6]. Patents represent technological progress and provide a monopoly for commercialization for many years (e.g., 20 years from the filing dates in US or PCT) to the patent assignees [7]. Patents prevent others from using the same inventive techniques or methods and competitors must create different and improved products or techniques (or licence the technology) to compete commercially [8] [9] [10]. Patents provide royalties if licensees find that licensing patented technologies are more cost effective than creating alternative, non-infringing solutions. For high-tech industries, such as the mobile telecommunications industry, there are owners of patents in the marketplace who buy, collect, and enforce patent rights in order to collect royalties while neither manufacturing nor distributing products. These types of IP owners are identified as non-practicing entities (NPEs) [11]. NPEs specialize in technology domains and purchase patents that have potential for negotiating royalty claims and licence fees from product manufacturers and distributors. The global mobile telecommunications industry STPI [12] reports that US has the largest number of standard essential patents (SEPs) in telecommunications. The United States also has the largest number of telecommunications patent disputes in the world. Statistics show that from 2008 to 2012 there were about four thousand IP infringement cases filed in the US. By 2013, the number of patent litigation cases exceeded six thousand [13]. There is a growing trend of patent lawsuits in the global mobile telecommunication marketplace as companies fight for market control and IPR protection [14]. This paper explores the evolution of NPE litigation and disputed patents to assist companies in the planning and development of strategic R&D decisions. The specific objectives of the research are to (1) Use litigation and patent mining techniques to analyze the evolution of NPE lawsuits and patents. (2) Use modified formal concept analysis (FCA) to graphically visualize the litigation trends. (3) Cross-analyze the litigations, the disputed patents, and other essential patents to derive strategic IP protection strategies. (4) Recommend manufacturers to acquire or cross license related patents. This paper is organized as follows. The first two sections introduce the research literature for patent infringement litigation, LTE/ LTE-A communication technologies, the ontology concept, FCA, and text mining techniques. In Section 3, the general methodology of this study and the modified FCA method are discussed. Section 4 describes a case application to non-practicing entities, Wi-Lan technologies, and the evolution of Wi-Lan patent litigations over time. In the last section, the research results, contributions, and the recommendations for future research are provided.