مقاله انگلیسی رایگان در مورد سرمایه فکری و عملکرد شرکت؛ ایجاد تفاوت بین عملکرد – امرالد ۲۰۱۷

In the last decade, the subject of intellectual capital was of great interest for scholars, after the world has shown an apparent concern with knowledge economy. Intellectual capital was acknowledged to be one of the basic factors of firm performance (Serenko and Bontis, 2013). The intellectual capital has three dimensions depending on the perspective through which it is viewed. These are: human capital, based on human resources, structural capital relying on organizations and finally relational capital based on coordinating the relation between the organization and the surrounding environment (Jardon and Dasilva, 2017). Many endeavors have been adapted to measure intellectual capital and many others to measure its impact on firm performance. Researchers debated the issue of suitability of performance and traditional measures based on accounting standards to explain the firm’s actual performance and its relation to intellectual capital. Pulic (2000) sees that traditional performance measures are not suitable to measure performance throughout knowledge economy. He claims that measures of industrial economy are unable to be of real value which has already been created. Many creative attempts have been conducted throughout the last decades to measure firm performance based on non-traditional methods. Some of them were linked to shareholder value analysis that include many measures such as: Return on Investment or Economic Value Added (EVA) or other market-based measures such as Tobin’s Q. The intellectual capital is one of the intangible assets which can’t be accurately measured. Frykman and Tolleryd (2010) see that the intellectual capital includes all nonfinancial assets which don’t appear in the balance sheet of any firm. The difficulty in measuring and reporting intellectual capital stems from the accounting standards based on traditional accounting practices. With reference to standard no. 38 (IAS 38) international accounting of standard (IASB, 2004), which deals with the intangible assets, reveals that it is not easy to specify and measure elements of intellectual capital in firms through the practices of traditional accounting that leaves a gap between the firm’s book and market values (Rahman, 2012). Pulic (1998a, 1998b) made up a methodology which was widely used to measure the efficiency associated with the components of intellectual capital and the capital comprising the physical and financial ones, based on the concept of value added (Iazzolino and Laise, 2013).