مقاله سال ۲۰۱۷

Firms innovate based on both internal and external sources (Chesbrough, Vanhaverbeke, & West, 2006; von Hippel, 1988). More specifically, these external knowledge sources include competitors (Smets, Langerak, & Tatikonda, 2016); suppliers and subcontractors (Un & Asakawa, 2015); education and research institutions (Etzkowitz, 2012); governing authorities and industry associations (Watkins, Papaioannou, Mugwagwa, & Kale, 2015); end-users (Schweisfurth & Herstatt, 2016); and non-competitive industry peer networks (Zuckerman & Sgourev, 2006).

Citizenship behaviors are discretionary behaviors that are neither directly nor explicitly included in formal agreements but promote the functioning of an organization or interorganizational unit in the aggregate (Autry, Skinner, & Lamb, 2008; Organ, 1988). The current research distinguishes organizational citizenship behavior (OCB), interorganizational citizenship behavior (ICB), and customer citizenship behavior (CCB).

OCB that is enacted by employees leads to innovation and creativity (Podsakoff, Podsakoff, MacKenzie, Maynes, & Spoelma, 2014; Xerri & Brunetto, 2013). CCB contributes to innovation purposes through value co-creation activities (Nambisan & Baron, 2009; Langner & Seidel, 2015) and positively influences idea generation (Im, Montoya, & Workman, 2013; Langner & Seidel, 2015). Nambisan and Baron (2009) identify CCB as one of the motivations to engage in product design, testing, and product support activities. Another study reveals that customer involvement occurs throughout the entire innovation process (Schweisfurth & Herstatt, 2016).