مقاله انگلیسی رایگان در مورد خوشه های برون سپاری مکانیزاسیون و تقسیم کار در کشاورزی چینی (الزویر)

In the Wealth of Nations (Smith, 1776), Adam Smith emphasized the gains from specialization arising from two types of division of labor. The first type is division of labor within the firm, as famously illustrated in the example of pin making in a workshop, where ten workers, each doing a specialized task of the set of tasks to make a pin, could make hundreds of times more per day than the ten workers working independently, each doing all the tasks. The second type refers to division of labor across producers as shown in the linen shirt example in Smith’s book. The production of linen shirts was dispersed over many workshops. Smith posited that market size determines the division of labor. Due to a lack of scale, the division of labor in agricultural production is not as common as in industrial production. Marshall (1920, 167) echoed Smith’s viewpoints in his Principles of Economics: “In agriculture there is not much division of labour, and there is no production on a very large scale; for a so-called ‘large farm’ does not employ a tenth part of the labour which is collected in a factory of moderate dimensions.” The latter vision of farming—and its implications for the division of labor and mechanization—was manifest again in Asia from the 1950s to the present. Ruttan (2001) puts forward nearly the same ideas and terms as Smith and Marshall.