مقاله انگلیسی رایگان در مورد امکان‌سنجی سیستم خودرو به شبکه: یک آنالیز فنی-اقتصادی – الزویر 2017

Abstract

The potential for electric vehicles to obtain income from energy supplied to a commercial building together with revenue accruing from specific ancillary service markets in the UK is evaluated in this work. A hybrid time-series/probabilistic simulation environment using real-world data is described, which is applied in the analysis of electricity trading with vehicle-to-grid to vehicles, buildings and markets. Key parameters are found to be the electric vehicle electricity sale price, battery degradation cost and infrastructure costs. Three vehicle-to-grid scenarios are evaluated using pool vehicle trip data, market pricing index data and half-hourly electricity demand for a commercial building. Results show that provision of energy to the wholesale electricity market with additional income from the capacity market results in the greatest projected return on investment, producing an individual vehicle net present value of ∼£8400. This is over 10 years for a vehicle supplying energy three times per week to the half-hour day-ahead market and includes the cost of installing the vehicle-to-grid infrastructure. The analysis also shows that net income generation is strongly dependent upon battery degradation costs associated with vehicle-to-grid cycling.

Introduction

In common with many other nations, the transition to a future energy system largely based on low or zero-carbon electricity for services such as heating and transport, is predicted to result in significant risks in terms of energy security of supply and cost for the UK [1]. In this context, electric Vehicles (EVs) are projected to contribute up to 60% of total new car sales in the UK by 2030 [2], thus creating significant extra demand on electricity networks, including during peak demand hours. One potential opportunity to manage increasing electricity costs and demand spikes is the utilisation of EVs to act as an aggregated energy store, providing peak shaving or demand shifting to both local buildings and to the power system when demand is high. This is facilitated through vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology, which allows energy to flow both to and from the vehicle, facilitated by a bi-directional power converter. In recent years, an increase in the number of V2G systems in Japan occurred as a result of grid insecurity after the Fukushima disaster in 2011 [3–5]. As such, V2G can help provide a means of powering buildings from a portable battery store, which can be re-charged at a different location on a regular basis [5]. Such concerns are of lesser relevance in the UK however, where research indicates V2G uptake will predominantly be related to system economics and CO2 emissions as opposed to grid security [6–10].