مقاله انگلیسی رایگان در مورد آسیب پذیری سازه ها و شاهراه ها به علت زمین لرزه و سیلاب – الزویر 2018

The progress in assessment of vulnerability of structures from single event based studies to significant multi-hazards has become more common in recent years (see e.g. Mosqueda et al. 2007; Yankelevsky et al. 2011; Mardfekri and Gardoni 2015; Gardoni and LaFave 2016; Reed et al. 2016; Marasco et al. 2017, among others). Despite the global attention, Nepal still lacks systematic studies that address the multi-hazards damage to structures and lifelines. To the best of authors’ knowledge, no cases of multi-hazard damage and vulnerability based on field reconnaissance are reported in existing literature, neither are there any reports that consider multi-hazards vulnerability perspectives in the post-events scenario. In some extent, the 2015 Gorkha earthquake highlighted some relevant examples of earthquake damage and several works are reported in terms of building and other structural performance and vulnerability (e.g. Gautam et al. 2016a; Gautam et al. 2016b; Gautam and Chaulagain 2016; Gautam 2017a), however flood and landslide damage to structures and lifelines cannot be found in Nepal. Limited works are performed in the case of seismic vulnerability of highway bridges (Gautam 2017b) but no case of multi-hazards was considered in the reported work when depicting the seismic vulnerability of highway bridges either. Nepal lies in one of the most active seismic regions of the world and is equally prone to flash floods and landslides due to fragile geology, as well as annual torrential precipitation. Furthermore, non-engineered construction practices are widespread, as most of the people (~70%) reside in non-engineered buildings that are constructed in hazard prone areas. To this end, future events may reveal more severe damage scenario if independent as well as cascading hazards are not considered at a time. Independent multi-hazards are rare globally, thus systematic case studies are not frequent in existing literature. However, individual hazards are reported by several scholars for the earthquake events (e.g. Gupta 1988; Rossetto and Peiris 2009; Zhao et al. 2009; Augenti and Parisi 2010; Romao et al. 2013; Gautam and Chaulagain 2016; Rupakhety et al. 2016; among others), and flood (e.g. De Falco et al. 2016; Santo et al. 2016; Elnazar et al. 2017; Laudan et al. 2017; among others). Per the recent trend, earthquakes and floods are being frequent in Nepal. For example, the Gorkha earthquake sequence was followed by several flash floods.