مقاله انگلیسی رایگان در مورد ارزیابی عوامل مدیریت تکنولوژی با استفاده از رویکرد ISM – تیلور و فرانسیس 2017

The government of India started making concerted efforts from 1994 to utilize fly ash. As a result, the utilization of fly ash been increased from one million tonnes during 1993– 94 to 108 million tonnes during the year 2015–16 (Central Electricity Authority, 2016). A number of technologies were developed and demonstrated in the field along with user agencies. Standards and specifications were prepared/ updated and statutory measures were also taken during the last decade. Coal has a prominent share of the means of electricity generation in India and will probably continue to hold its prominence against other modes of power generation. The use of coal in thermal power stations results in the production of fly ash. Engineers are facing greater challenges in containing the degradation of land and atmospheric pollution caused by ever mounting deposits of fly ash at power plants. The solution to this problem lies in the gainful utilization of fly ash. The construction of roads and embankments provides an avenue for bulk utilization of fly ash. Table 1 shows the generation and utilization of fly ash by various countries. A study by Caldas-Vieira & Feuerborn (2012) stated that in Europe (EU 15) in 2009, the total fly ash utilized was 15 million tonnes, of which 23.1% was used in road construction. In the USA in 2007 (American Coal Ash Association, 2013) fly-ash production was 71.7 million tonnes, and 8.07 million tonnes (11.26%) was used in structural fills and road base with a total usage of 31.63 million tonnes. Yao et al. (2015) stated it to be 12.83% in 2012 against 39.03 million tonnes of usage. They also stated that, in China in 2011, only 5% of the fly ash utilized was utilized by the road sector against 367 million tonnes of overall usage.

2. Fly-ash utilization in India

The Central Electricity Authority (CEA) of the Ministry of Power, Government of India (Central Electricity Authority, 2014a) , compiles the figures for fly-ash generation and utilization in India. Figure 1 shows the trend since 1996–97 (Central Electricity Authority, 2016). Figure 2 shows the fly-ash generation and utilization trends in last six years along with their utilization in the road sector (Central Electricity Authority, 2011, 2014b, 2014c, 2015, 2016). The data has been compiled from CEA data for total fly ash generated in the last six years, viz. 2010–11 until 2015–16. Fly-ash generation has increased from 131.08 to 176.74 million tonnes (Central Electricity Authority, 2011, 2014b, 2014c, 2015, 2016) with a maximum of 184.14 during 2014–15. During that period, the utilization of fly ash increased from 73.19 to 107.77 million tonnes. In terms of a percentage of fly-ash generation, fly-ash utilization has been in the range 55 to 61% with an overall percentage of 58.38% in these six years. This demands that all possible action should be taken to utilize the fly ash generated fully. It also demonstrates that there is a huge potential for finding ways and means to utilize the fly ash. During this period of 6 years, around 974 million tonnes of fly ash was generated, but only about 569 million tonnes could be utilized. The volume of fly-ash that remains to be gainfully utilized is around 405 million tonnes during these six years. This means that around 67 million tonnes of fly ash is accumulated every year. Such a volume covering a depth of 3 m would need an area of around 18 km2 every year, an area that is more than the half the area of Lakshadweep Island. Therefore, there is a need for a timely roadmap so that concerted efforts can be made in earnest (Saurikhia, Ahmed, Haleem, & Gangopadhyay, 2014).