مقاله انگلیسی رایگان در مورد اندازه گیری اثربخشی تولید در بخش دولتی (الزویر)

The concepts efficiency and effectiveness are used in many studies, but the bulk of empirical studies provide measures of efficiency, while effectiveness measures are presented much more seldom, and different definitions are used. The standard definitions of efficiency and effectiveness have been expressed by many authors by stating that effi- ciency is a question of doing things right, and effectiveness is a question of doing the right things (see, among several publications, Drucker [18] in the popular management literature and Fitz-Gibbon and Tymms [24] being typical for journal papers). This definition obviously builds on the assumption that when employing resources to produce ‘things’ there must be a way of evaluating what are the right ‘things’ to produce. For production units in competitive industries with prices both on inputs and outputs evaluation follows from the objective function such as profit maximisation or cost minimisation. Considering cost minimisation as a benchmark Farrell [23] showed that his overall efficiency measure, or cost efficiency measure, can be decomposed multiplicatively into relative loss due to ‘technical’ inefficiency, i.e. not realising the potential at the frontier production function, and relative loss from using a non-optimal mix of inputs termed allocative inefficiency. As to the effect of observed output mix, loss of a nonoptimal mix of outputs can be measured analogously by using revenue-maximisation (for given inputs) as the objective function. A unit realising overall efficiency may therefore both doing things right and doing the right things, i.e. fulfilling effectiveness.