مقاله انگلیسی رایگان در مورد نظریه معنایی اینترنت اشیا – الزویر 2018

In the Internet of Things (IoT) paradigm, smart devices equipped with embedded technology automatically collect information from shared resources (e.g. Internet accesses, physical devices, etc.) and aggregate them to provide new services to end users [2]. The “things” commonly deployed in IoT systems are: RFID tags, for unique identification, sensors, to detect physical changes in the environment, and actuators, to pass information to the environment. To provide proper communication capabilities, smart devices are organised in networks which are based on the standard communication protocols of the Internet framework. The range of IoT applications is rapidly increasing and already covers several domains [3,2,4]: (i) environmental monitoring, (ii) healthcare, (iii) personal and social, (iv) security and surveillance, (v) smart environment (home, offices, cities), (vi) transportation and logistics (automotive). The research on IoT is currently focusing on practical applications such as the development of enabling technologies [5], ad hoc architectures [6], semantic web technologies [7], and cloud computing [2]. However, as pointed out by Lanese et al. [8], there is a lack of research in formal methodologies to model the interactions among system components, and to verify the correctness of the network deployment before its implementation. The main goal of the current paper is to propose a new process calculus for IoT systems which supports a clear semantic theory for specifying and reasoning on IoT applications. Devising a calculus for modelling a new paradigm requires understanding and distilling, in a clean algebraic setting, the basic features of the paradigm. In order to point out the main ingredients of the IoT paradigm, we use a small example within the smart environment domain. Suppose a simple smart home (see Fig. 1) in which the user can (i) profit of her smartphone to remotely control the heating boiler of her house, and (ii) automatically turn on lights when entering a room. The house consists of an entrance and a lounge, separated by a patio. Entrance and lounge have their own lights (actuators) which are governed by different light manager processes, LightMng. The boiler is placed in the patio and it is governed by a boiler manager process, BoilerMng. This process senses the local temperature (via a sensor) and decides whether the boiler should be turned on/off, setting a proper actuator to signal the state of the boiler. The smartphone executes two concurrent processes: BoilerCtrl and LightCtrl. The first one reads user’s commands, submitted via the phone touchscreen (a sensor), and forwards them to the process BoilerMng of the house, via an Internet channel. Whereas, the process LightCtrl interacts with the processes LightMng of the house, via short-range wireless channels (e.g. Bluetooth, infrared, etc), to automatically turn on lights when the smartphone physically enters either the entrance or the lounge. The whole system is given by the parallel composition of the smartphone (a mobile device) and the smart home (a stationary entity).