Abstract

Besides environmental benefits of using electric vehicles (EVs), the presence of EVs in the parking lots, acting as the power consumer or generator, have created widespread changes in the operation of power systems. The Electric Vehicle Parking Operator (EVPO) can strategically purchase and sell power in both the day-ahead and the real-time markets. Here, the effect of bidding strategy of an EVPO based on risk appetite is considered. A complete probabilistic model of the EVs in the range of parking is used to determine the allowed times of battery charge and discharge processes. The proposed model is applied on a realistic case study, forced to function in island mode, and the cost of energy not supplied is investigated. Results show that a risky strategy in addition to trading more power in the real-time market, not only supplies and guarantees the car owners’ SOC requirement for daily trips, but also improves the reliability of the system.

Introduction

The main problem in smart grids is the way in which the demand side must be managed so that the peak of electricity load is decreased. In fact, the right response to the load highly depends on the way in which the demand side is managed [1]. In addition, it depends on accurate forecast of price, load, available renewable energies and storage resources such as electric vehicles. With the advance of battery technology, using EVs is growing rapidly in some countries. In the future, the aggregators of power systems can consider electric vehicles parking (EVP) as distributed sources of energy. These resources play two different roles for power systems. The first is the load when the batteries of vehicles are being charged and the other is the energy generating resources while they are being discharged [2].