مقاله انگلیسی رایگان در مورد دگرشکلی کربن به عنوان حسگر برای نظارت بر محیط (الزویر)

The versatility of the carbon atom lies in the diversity of its chemical bond that can range from sp3, sp2 to sp1 and combinations of them, to yield crystalline or amor phous solids. Over the past two decades, most of the attention in the electrochemical applications of carbon has turned toward carbon nanomaterials (CNMs), with a huge diversity in structure and allotropic forms. These materials can be classified based on their dimensions into zero-dimensional nanoparticles (NPs) such as quan tum dots and fullerenes, one-dimensional (1D) structures like carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and carbon nanofibers, two-dimensional (2D) layered materials such as graphene and three-dimensional (3D) structures such as graphene- CNTs hybrids and foams [1,2]. The electrochemical ac- tivities of the different allotropes strongly depend on the hybridization state and the structure, as illustrated in Figure 1 for the heterogeneous electron transfer (HET) rates between the electrode surface to the electrolyte, Fe[(CN)6] 4−/۳−, benchmark redox pair.