مقاله انگلیسی رایگان در مورد کاریزما به عنوان نشانه: رهبری کاریزماتیک (الزویر)

One of the most fascinating aspects about the concept of charisma is that it has managed to retain the aura of mystery – and even the supernatural – which it was intended to convey when the term was first coined over two millennia ago. Historically, charisma was attributed primarily to royalty or religious leaders, who were thought to possess divinely granted gifts, enabling their followers to achieve exceptional or supernatural feats. The power of charisma made it possible for generals to lead armies that could conquer nations, or for priests to inspire believers to construct monumental structures that would take the work of generations to complete. In modern lay terms charisma has become more down-to-earth: typically understood as a personality trait related to charm, magnetism, or likeability (Beyer, 1999). It has become a key part of the vocabulary with which we describe others, perhaps most often applied to the politicians, celebrities, and athletes who act as leaders in our modern society.1 In the realm of politics, for example, elections may be won or lost according to whether a candidate can project the kind of charismatic appeal that convinces voters they are the kind of leader they’d “like to have a beer with.” Moving past its origins and semantic fuzziness, however, one encounters an enormous literature devoted to the task of conceptualizing charisma – an increasingly popular topic of investigation in both the scientific literature and management journals over the course of the last few decades (Antonakis, Bastardoz, Jacquart, & Shamir, 2016; Lowe & Gardner, 2001; van Knippenberg & Sitkin, 2013). The present article will attempt to engage with the concept of charisma within the boundaries established by this literature – though suggesting places where it may be expanded or areas which may have been overlooked. However, it is important to keep in mind that this discussion takes place within a larger context.