مقاله انگلیسی رایگان در مورد هزینه کل مالکیت و سهم بازار خودروهای هیبریدی و الکتریکی (الزویر)

Electrification of the transport sector offers the opportunity to utilise the increasing share of renewable energy generation whilst reducing national oil dependency. Urban air pollution is also a serious concern for residents in many cities across the world. Poor air quality claims the lives of over seven million people annually worldwide [1]. Different types of electric vehicles such as Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs), Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) and Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs) emit lower levels of carbon dioxide and air pollutants than conventional petrol and diesel vehicles [2,3], contributing to the decarbonisation of road transport and improving urban air quality. Growing the fleet share of these low-emission vehicles is therefore of interest to policymakers. With a larger battery and features such as regenerative braking, engine stop-start and a novel transmission system [4], hybrid and electric vehicles have a higher manufacturing cost than conventional vehicles [5]. Conversely, running costs are often lower stemming from cheaper annual fuel costs, taxes and maintenance. Many countries have offered subsidies or reduced taxes for low-emission vehicles to stimulate adoption: for example the Plug-in vehicle grant in the UK [6], the Clean vehicle rebate project in California [7] and the Green vehicle purchasing promotion measures in Japan [8]. Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) calculations can determine whether subsidies and lower running costs can offset this price premium. Vehicle ownership costs are important in vehicle adoption choice for both private and business purchases. This is evidenced by stated and revealed preference surveys (for example see Ozaki et al. [9]). Over the past decade there has been a rise in the number of vehicles bought through finance especially in the UK [10], however, the amount paid through a typical three year finance model is comparable to the vehicle depreciation (see Section 3.2). The Toyota Prius was one of the first hybrid cars developed. It was released exclusively to the Japanese market in 1997 [11]. The diversity of the hybrid market has grown such that nearly fifty different models are available in the US vehicle market from a range of brands [12]. In countries such as the UK and Japan, plateauing Prius market share may be attributed to the greater availability of different hybrid models such as the Auris, Yaris and Aqua. Evidence for this is the success of the Toyota Aqua in the Japanese market [13].