Abstract

Document Sections

۵G Cellular Mobile Technology

Recent Updates of Health Safety Recommendations

Human Eye and Skin Tissues

Biological Interactions With Mm-Waves

Anomalies in Recently Updated Safety Recommendations

Abstract:

The rollout of 5G cellular communication technology is well underway worldwide. The advocates of 5G mobile technology hail it as a faster and more secure technology than its predecessor, 3G and 4G systems. The major enabling infrastructure uses millimeter-wave (mm-wave) and phased-array technology to achieve line-of-sight directivity, high data rates, and low latency. A central vulnerability or security threat is that it may allow spying on users. Nevertheless, this is a system architecture and technology or regulatory issue but not a biological effect or health safety matter.

۵G Cellular Mobile Technology

۵G cellular mobile technology is a telecommunication technology multilayered in frequency assignment and varied in operational scope and performance. It includes an extremely wide range of multiple RF bands. Its frequency coverage may be roughly separated into two ranges: sub-6-GHz bands and 24–۶۰-GHz frequencies that reach well into the mm-wave region. The frequency ranges have often been further divided into low-, mid, and high-band 5G. Low-band 5G starts at roughly 400 MHz and uses existing or previous 3G or 4G frequencies or newly opened frequencies to operate; the latter, for example, may overlap with the existing 4G band. The 5G rollout began with midband, which includes popular frequencies between 3 and 4 GHz. However, primary 5G technological advances are associated with high-band 5G, which promises performance bandwidth as high as 20 GHz, and multiple-input, multiple-output strategies using 64–۲۵۶ antennas at short distances and offering performances up to 10 times better than the current 4G networks