مقاله انگلیسی رایگان در مورد عوامل موثر در موفقیت زنان کار آفرین – امرالد 2017

The findings of pertinent investigations highlight the importance of women’s entrepreneurship for national economic growth and social well-being (De Vita, 2013; Delmar and Holmquist, 2004; Minitti, 2005) and, while female entrepreneurship has risen significantly over the past decade (Carter and Shaw, 2006), its growth rate is two-thirds’ that of its male counterpart (Allen et al., 2008). Figure 1 shows that the percentage of women involved in business venturing (FEMALE TEA) in some regions of the world is far lower than that of men (MALE TEA). Another aspect that differentiates women’s entrepreneurship from men’s can be found in the ratio between opportunity-based and needs-based entrepreneurship. An example of this can be seen in Latin America (see Figure 2), where the percentage of the female population engaged in necessity-based business ventures (TEA FNEC) is greater than that of women in opportunity-based ventures (TEA FOOP), while the case is the opposite for men’s ventures (TEA MNEC vs. TEA MOPP) (Terjesen and Amós, 2010). This highlights the importance of women’s entrepreneurship as a result of its social impact. The characteristics of women’s business venturing differentiate it significantly from that of men’s (Ahl, 2006). It is for that reason that female entrepreneurship has become a separate field of research. Although open to question, according to Robb and Watson (2012) and other authors, there is evidence, albeit occasionally conflicting, that women’s business ventures perform more poorly than those of men. In view of this, several investigations have sought to identify the particular factors that affect women’s entrepreneurship, or have attempted to evalute how it is affected by factors that generally determine its outcome. Research into these factors as they relate to female entrepreneurship is generally found in developed countries, and points to evidence that factors such as the characteristics of the institutional environment (Elam, 2010), gender stereotypes (Gupta, 2014), and resource access and cost (Wu, 2012) are decisive. Other investigations take up a gender-based comparison of the effect produced by factors such as the high-tech entrepreneur’s characteristics (Dautzenberg, 2012), the entrepreneur’s motivations (Diaz-García and Brush, 2012), the entrepreneur’s planning and growth strategies (Mitchelmore and Rowley, 2013), the entrepreneur’s skills and self-image, and the business-family relationship (Powell, 2013), among others.