مقاله انگلیسی رایگان در مورد انقراض صفر برای محافظت از منابع طبیعی – اسپرینگر 2017

Human impact on the environment has reached unprecedented levels. The planet’s biological–ecological, physical and chemical systems are threatened and with it our livelihoods (Stern and Treasury 2006; Rockstro¨m et al. 2009; Watson et al. 2016). On entering the Anthropocene (Crutzen 2002; Steffen et al. 2007) at least three of nine planetary boundaries have exceeded safe levels: climate change, global nitrogen cycle and integrity of biodiversity (Rockstro¨m et al. 2009; Newbold et al. 2016). Based on a conservative estimate, a total of 477 vertebrates have vanished since 1900, over three-quarters of the 617 vertebrates that have become extinct since 1500 (Ceballos et al. 2015). Nonetheless, according to the most recent IUCN Red List of Threatened Species more than 7978 species of fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals are globally threatened (IUCN 2016). Given these numbers, distinguishing which of these taxa to attend to first, and what resources to mobilize to ensure their survival, has never been so pressing (Wilson et al. 2011, 2016). Despite this urgency, progress has been slow. During the last two decades global strategies focussing on biodiversity and species conservation have concentrated on large-scale prioritization approaches (Redford et al. 2003; Brooks et al. 2015). But, these exercises have done little in terms of identifying the actual sites where conservation needs to occur (Brooks et al. 2006; Howes et al. 2009; Funk and Fa 2010). Likewise, high-level declarations of intent, epitomized by nation states signing international conventions, routinely confirm the need to ensure the longterm survival of the world’s biological diversity, while the biodiversity crisis continues. Since the early 1990’s, a number of worldwide treaties have been signed. Major international agreements such as the Kyoto Protocol linked to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change committed its Parties by setting internationally binding emission reduction targets. The detailed rules for the implementation of the Protocol were adopted in Marrakesh, Morocco, in 2001. However, international initiatives promoting the conser vation of biodiversity at the highest level, in particular the COP-6’s (the sixth Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity) declaration have fallen short of their intended targets. COP-6 committed countries ‘‘to achieve by 2010 a significant reduction of the current rate of biodiversity loss’’ but because of a lack of significant improvements in the state of biodiversity (Butchart et al. 2010; Adenle et al. 2015), new targets were developed during COP-10 in Nagoya, Aichi Prefecture, Japan. These, referred to as the Aichi Biodiversity Targets, are a set of 20 objectives (subsequently abbreviated as T1, T2, …, T20), to be achieved by 2020 (SCBD 2010). There are three targets of direct relevance for the conservation of biodiversity: T11 (protected areas), T12 (species) and T13 (genetic diversity of plant and animal domesticates) (Table 1). For this review, we excluded T13 as it focuses on domesticated and cultivated plants and animals.