مقاله انگلیسی رایگان در مورد رهبران تجاری خودشیفته به عنوان خبرنگاران ممتاز – امرالد 2017

The term “Narcissism” derives from the mythical Narcissus, a handsome masculine figure of the Greek mythology who despised love. In accordance with a version of the myth, Narcissus was punished by Nemesis because he disdained the love of a nymph (Echo). When Nemesis learned the story, she decided to punish Narcissus by luring him to a pool in which he saw and fell in love with his own reflection. After trying to kiss his own perfect and beautiful idol in the water with no success, Narcissus realized that his love would remain unfulfilled and committed suicide. When Echo saw her beloved Narcissus dead, she felt great pain and mourned. Moved by her crying and grief, Zeus transformed Narcissus to a beautiful white flower (Ovid). It was the British physician and psychologist Havelock Ellis in 1898 that first referred to the myth of Narcissus so as to describe a situation of perverted self-eroticism, namely an individual`s lust for itself (Rijsenbilt and Commandeur, 2013; Chatterjee and Hambrick, 2007). Ellis credits Näcke for the first use of the term “Narcissus + ism” (Campbell and Miller, 2011). Nevertheless, Rank`s writings brought the issue of narcissism in the field of human development and suggested that narcissism is a synonym for vanity and self-admiration (not entirely sexual) (Campbell et al., 2011). According to Freud (1914), narcissism can be considered as an evolutionary stage of human development that reflects our basic need for love and reassertion and that is why, it is present in every human being. Therefore, narcissism is a concept present in the social personality (trait that people possess at various levels, e.g. Foster and Campbell, 2007) and psychiatric literature (personality disorder) (e.g. Campbell et al., 2011). It is usually described as one of the three dark sides of personality (along with Machiavellianism and psychopathy) (Paulhus & Williams, 2002), and it is unveiled by an individual`s extremely positive view of itself (ego) and a tendency to maintain this positive view at any cost (Brunell, et al., 2008). However, narcissism can be theorized as a set of interacting individual characteristics and behaviors that highlight various degrees of a) passion and obsession of an individual for itself, b) interest/consideration or disregard for understanding others` feelings and c) pursuit of personal gratification, dominance and ambition through the excessive admiration of personal capabilities (Kets de Vries, 2014; Campbell and Miller, 2011; Morf and Rhodewalt, 2001;Maccoby, 2000;).