مقاله انگلیسی رایگان در مورد خنده کم در پسرانی در معرض اختلالات روانی و فکری – الزویر 2018

Laughter is a universal expression of emotion [14, 15] used to maintain social bonds [6, 9]. It is a highly contagious behavior: it can be primed simply by listening to others’ laughter [16]. Such emotional contagion has been posited as a mechanism for facilitating the coupling of emotions and behavior within groups, increasing cooperation, cohesiveness, and social connectedness [6, 9, 10]. The social nature of laughter is evident in that an individual is up to 30 times more likely to laugh when with others than when alone [17]. Laughter also plays a role in the vicarious experience of positive emotions, and it triggers the endogenous opioid system, argued to be key for prosocial communication and social bonding in primates and other mammals [9, 18, 19]. Neuroimaging studies demonstrate that listening to laughter automatically recruits motor and premotor regions involved in the production of emotional expressions [6], including the precentral gyrus, supplementary motor area, inferior frontal gyrus, and anterior insula [7, 8, 10, 20]. This preparatory motor response is thought to facilitate joining in with others’ positive vocalizations during social behavior, representing a neural mechanism for experiencing these emotions vicariously and promoting social connectedness [9, 10]. These findings from typical individuals have established laughter as an ideal probe for examining atypical social affiliation and connectedness. Individuals with psychopathy show a reduced capacity to develop social relationships founded on an enjoyment of prosocial interaction or concern for others’ well-being [3]. More broadly, individuals with persistent antisocial behavior show reduced prosocial functioning and act in way that violates the rights of other people [21]. Investigating potential mechanisms underpinning impoverished social connectedness in individuals at risk of psychopathy and persistent antisocial behavior has the potential to inform the design of therapeutic approaches to foster prosocial behavior in these individuals who incur substantial societal costs [22].