مقاله انگلیسی رایگان در مورد پایداری محیطی چند لایه رشته بازیکن

مقاله سال 2017

Over the past quarter century, scientific evidence has multiplied suggesting that much of the deterioration in our earth systems is caused by patterns of human activities (Rockström et al., 2009; Thomas et al., 2004). It is expected that by 2042 the world population will grow to 9 billion and the global economy will likely triple in size, along with a doubling of pollution and waste. Carbon concentration in earth’s atmosphere is already over 390 ppm and increasing, which is considered risky by scientists. Unless these numbers are reduced dramatically they will cause catastrophic global warming (Busch and Shrivastava, 2011).

Despite the variety of responses from government, corporate, and civil society sectors, there is mounting evidence that future generations will continue to face important challenges in achieving environmental sustainability (ES). Large amounts of nitrogen are active in the environment causing substantial harm to aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems productivity. Large-scale contamination of rivers and other water bodies and the massive water demand is resulting in water scarcity. 2.5 billion people are without access to hygienic sanitation due to lack of solid waste disposal and recycling systems. Every year, 50 million barrels of oil are transformed into 500 billion plastic bags, millions of which wash up on beaches and coastlines. Annual generation of construction and demolition waste is enormous. World energy consumption remains 85% dependent on nonrenewable fossil fuels, and their combustion emits billions of tons of carbon in the atmosphere every year (Xu et al., 2010; Rockström et al., 2009).

A significant organizational literature has emerged to address these challenges of environmental sustainability (e.g., Hoffman and Bansal, 2012; Jermier, 2013; Korhonen and Seager, 2008; Welford, 1995). However, this literature has been characterized by a normative, instrumental, compliance-driven, and profit seeking approach (Rodrigez-Melo and Mansouri, 2011). Generally analyzed in the larger context of the triple bottom line performance goals of large public companies (Savitz and Weber, 2006; Schneider and Meins, 2011; Tang et al., 2012), research on management of ES focuses more on what organizations ought to do as opposed to what actually happens at the corporate, governmental and institutional levels.