مقاله انگلیسی رایگان در مورد اختلال کارکردی تیروئید و ناباروری

The thyroid hormones act on nearly every cell in the body. They act to increase the basal metabolic rate, affect protein synthesis and regulate long bone growth and neural maturation. The thyroid hormones are essential for the proper development and differentiation of all cells of the human body. The thyroid hormones also affect the female reproductive organs. In combination with follicle-stimulating hormone, triiodothyronine (T3) enhances granulosa cell proliferation and inhibits granulosa cell apoptosis by the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt (also known as protein kinase B) pathway [1]. Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) is involved in the embryo implantation process and expressed in the mid-secretory endometrium [2]. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) significantly upregulates LIF expression in endometrial cell cultures, suggesting a potential role of TSH in the implantation process [3]. Moreover, T3 increases the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP), MMP-2, MMP-3, fetal fibronectin, and integrin a5b1T3 in cultured early placental extravillous trophoblasts, suggesting that it plays a vital role in regulating the invasive potential of extravillous trophoblasts [4]. The thyroid hormones are involved in almost all phases of reproduction, from folliculogenesis to placentation. This review focuses on the interactions between thyroid dysfunctions and subfertility, as well as the proper work-up and management of thyroid dysfunctions in subfertile women.