مقاله انگلیسی رایگان در مورد ارزیابی معانی مختلف حمل و نقل در اماکن شهری – اسپرینگر 2018

Personal transportation in urban areas is characterised by different transportation technologies with significantly varying properties regarding usability, infrastructural requirements and environmental impacts. Today, the private passenger car is still the most important mode of transport across the world. About 70% of so-called motorised individual passenger transport (MIT, passenger car and powered two-wheelers) is in cities and congested areas, [1, 2]. In general, the global energy demand for individual mobility is mainly supplied by crude oil-based fuels. Improvements in powertrain efficiency and energy consumption reduction strategies are partly compensated by increasing motorisation, traffic performance and vehicle masses. In the European Union, the annual energy consumption growth rate of 1.3% is mainly caused by the rising number of passenger cars and increasing traffic performance, [1]. In automotive engineering, energy consumption and exhaust emission reduction are still the main drivers for research and development. Electrification, innovative drive systems, alternative energy storage and lightweight construction play important roles as innovations. Apart from energy consumption and resulting exhaust emissions of technologies for individual mobility, it is also important to take further influencing factors into consideration—especially in urban areas. Examples are the space demand in parking and fluent traffic (with resultant traffic congestions), space demand and the costs of energy supply infrastructures (e.g. electric charging stations), traffic safety or noise. For these reasons, it is essential that the focus is not only on the vehicle itself. New approaches provide an integration of technologies for individual mobility into entire mobility systems. By this means a smart combination of different transportation technologies is able to support successful sustainable urban development and energy supply strategies. With the motivation to facilitate the development of innovative transport concepts, the present study focuses on an objective evaluation of different existing means of transport in urban areas. State of the art evaluations of transportation technologies focus on one specific criterion at a time, e.g. the energy demand or equivalent fuel consumption [3–6]. But there are more criteria which must also be evaluated, e.g. the traffic space demand or mean velocity as a reference for the user-related criterion “travel time”. A special challenge lies in the combination of different criteria to enable comprehensive evaluation and in-depth discussion of different transportation modes. A detailed evaluation based on a wide range of different criteria provides the incentive and the challenge to combine the various, partially conflicting criteria in a smart, objective and representative way.