Abbreviations

۱٫ Introduction

۲٫ Method and analysis section

۳٫ Petrochemical wastewater pretreatment and advanced treatment

۴٫ Future perspectives

Acknowledgements

Appendix A. Supplementary data

References

Abstract

Petrochemical wastewater is a major industrial source of pollution that produces a variety of refractory and toxic organic pollutants that are detrimental to animals and plants in natural water bodies; it is especially harmful to biological treatment systems. Regardless of these threats, studies on these specific organic pollutants are limited at present. Consequently, it is extremely essential to promote relevant problem solving efficiently. Currently, only limited processes are available for pretreatment of high-concentration wastewater, and advanced treatment of secondary effluent as compared to the conventional treatment are introduced by current studies. Therefore, in this review, we have systematically generalized the characteristics of petrochemical wastewater; we have particularly summarized and compared different methods (recent developments, influencing factors, etc.) which are applied in pretreatment and advancement of current methods. Additionally, the interaction mechanisms of microbes under a wide range of concentrations of specific organic pollutants and associated degradation pathways have been described comprehensively. Moreover, we have analyzed bioenergy recovery from the degradation/removal of specific organic pollutants with environmental-friendly and economically methods because it can help realize the goal of circular resource utilization during the process of detoxification and minimization.

Introduction

The petrochemical industry is a fundamental industry that plays an essential role 4 in any country’s national economy and provides support to many other sectors, such as agriculture, energy, transportation, etc. (Fig. 1) (Clews, 2016c; Jafarinejad 2017).  Petrochemical wastewater is generated via several routes from this industry, including effluent from raw materials, factory rainwater, cooling water, and domestic sewage. It has been reported that global petroleum production has reached 4.40 billion tons based on related industrial statistics (https://www.sohu.com/a/119515720_122917). Moreover, relevant studies have revealed that 3.00-3.50 m3 10 of petrochemical wastewater is generated per ton of petroleum refinery process (Zhang and Fan, 2016; 12 Siddique et al., 2017). For instance, China’s annual industrial wastewater discharge is 2.10 × ۱۰۱۰ ۱۳ t, of which the proportion of petrochemical wastewater was 3.00-5.00% in 14 2016. A report derived from China’s oil and chemical industry has shown that 2.00 15 billion tons of petrochemical wastewater were produced only in 2016, and the total 16 emission increased up to 4.00 billion during the 13th 5-year plan period (CMEP, 17 2015). Moreover, massive petrochemical wastewater was produced all over the world 18 during the same period that needed to be treated properly and urgently.