1. Introduction

2. Basic Situation of External Cooling Water of the Converter Valve

3. Feasibility Analysis

4. The Structure of Remote Monitoring System

5.Conclusion

References

A sewage treatment remote monitoring system is designed in this paper due to long physical distance, complex process of zero discharge treatment techonology that requires monitoring. The paper firstly introduces the external cold water discharge of the valve cooling system of the converter station, and proposes the treatment measures for zero discharge of sewage in the case of phosphate, COD and salt in the discharged wastewater. The remote monitoring system is designed according to the process routes of the zero-emission scheme. The system adopts a hierarchical network control structure and mainly includes locale execution layer, harmonization layer, and remote monitoring layer. The mechanisms and functions of each layer are introduced in detail. The remote monitoring system is effective in monitoring the water treatment process and is helpful to achieve zero discharge of external cooling water in converter valve.

Introduction

The discharge of cold water outside the converter station accounts for more than 90% of the total discharge of the converter station. Therefore, how to efficiently deal with the discharge of cold water outside the converter valve is of great significance. On the basis of summarizing relevant literature and data as well as water quality testing data of cold water outside each station, this paper puts forward the technical scheme of zero discharge of cold water outside the station 1 . Zero discharge is an ideal closed water system, without external drainage. The water in the system is constantly recycled or reused after treatment, so as to save water resources and protect the environment 2 , which requires real time monitoring of the water treatment situation in different processes. A remote monitoring system is designed according to the process routes of the zero-emission scheme. The system adopts a hierarchical network control structure and mainly includes locale execution layer, harmonization layer, and remote monitoring layer 3 . The mechanisms and functions of each layer are introduced in detail. The remote monitoring system is effective in monitoring the water treatment process and is helpful to achieve zero discharge of external cooling water in converter valve.

1- Introduction

2- Experimental

3- Result and discussion

4- Conclusion

References

Abstract

Neodymium Vanadate (NdVO4) nanostructures were successfully synthesized via a modified solid state method in the presence of ligand. These nanoparticles were further used as a photocatalyst. Primarily the best structural formations and smallest crystallite sizes of the systems were identified and optimized by changing the calcination time, calcination temperature and molar ratio of the ligand. The cationic (Methyl Violet (MV)), and anionic (Eosin Y (EY) and Eriochrome Black T (EBT)) dyes were used as a model to evaluate the photoactivity under UV–Vis irradiation. Several operational factors were examined to improve the photocatalytic efficiency include type of dye, type of light source, pH and dye concentration. As a result, the best efficiency in 5 ppm Eriochorome Black T at pH = 11 was achieved in the presence of 0.05 g NdVO4 nanocatalysts.

Introduction

The organic dyes (cationic and anionic dyes) are one of the most important environmental pollutants that are used in various industries such as textile, paper printing and pulp, rubber, plastics, leather, cosmetics, etc (Şahin et al., 2013; Elijah and Nwabanne, 2014). Aquatic environmental deterioration is a serious issue due to rapid urbanization and economic development; hence, the reductions of the hazardous contaminants from waste water are urgently required. Electroactive nanocatalysts are recently achieved a great attention in order to remove colorants from aquatic environments. Mx – orthovanadates (M: Na, Ca, Ba, Sc, Er, Nd …) are the inorganic compounds which consider for this application (Mahapatra et al., 2007). Among these compounds, neodymium vanadate is an important category of rare earth (RE) orthovanadates that has been synthesized by various techniques such as hydrothermal (Wu et al., 2005), solid-state reaction (Errandonea et al., 2014), sonochemical (Monsef et al., 2018), precipitation (Vosoughifar, 2016), sol-gel (Au et al., 1996) and microwave (Mahapatra et al., 2008a). NdVO4 powders are renowned as promising materials in photocatalytic, electrical, catalytic, laser, photoluminescence, optic, phosphors, polarizer properties (Mahapatra et al., 2008b; Yuvaraj et al., 2014; Selvan et al., 2009; Yao et al., 2010; Verma et al., 2016; Deng et al., 2008; Nguyen et al., 1997). Rare earth orthovanadates, especially in nanosized state, are highly promising for biomedical applications due to their high stability and nontoxicity (Lyadov and Kurilkin, 2016).

5.1.1 Sources

Fresh water only represents approximately 3% of all water resources on earth, and its amount is estimated at 35millionm3 . Rivers, lakes, and shallow groundwater make up a mere 0.4% of the total volume of freshwater on the planet, with the rest being stored in the form of glaciers and snow cover in Antarctica and the Arctic or exists as groundwater. Access to drinking water in many countries is limited. Guidelines for the purity of drinking water are provided by European Union and government organizations. Criteria for drinking water quality are based on a few water quality variables such as microbiological and biological indicators, physical properties, organics, inorganics, and trace element concentrations.

5.1.2 Regulations

The World Health Organization (WHO) has proclaimed that “All people, whatever their stage of development and their social and economic conditions have the right to have access to an adequate supply of safe drinking water.” [1]. The EU standards for water quality are derived from WHO Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality. The EU Drinking Water Directive (98/83/EC, November 3, 1998, on the quality of water intended for human consumption) is a seminal document for European countries in this respect. It is reviewed every five years by the European Commission, which brings it in line with WHO guidelines. In 2015 the Polish minister of health published a decree (2), whose contents correspond to EU recommendations. In the US, the Environmental Protection Agency issued the Safe Drinking Water Act which establishes the water purity requirements for all states.

Fresh water is a basic requirement for the sustainability of human and wild life on the earth. The availability of clean drinking water is paramount to maintain a healthier life. Intensive industrialization and urbanization have resulted in pollution of the natural water resources with inorganic and organic pollutants [1–2]. These pollutants include but not limited to heavy metals, polyaromatic hydrocarbons, and dyes. The toxicity and health risks of these pollutants are well-understood, and their presence in drinking water above a certain limit can pose serious health risks to the human body. This is the reason that removal of these pollutants from water is a great subject of research nowadays [3]. Among different removal technologies, adsorption has been widely adopted [4]. In this regard, a wide range of adsorbents has been studied that include materials based on carbon [5], silica [6], polymers [7], natural adsorbents [8–9], and others. The development of new adsorbents that are cost-effective, efficient, and non-toxic in nature is a hot topic of research in the area of water treatment and purification. Dendritic polymers are highly branched polymers that contain three-dimensional architectures. They can be classified at least into the following six subclasses based on some structural differences; dendrimers, hyperbranched polymers, multi-arm star polymers, dendronized or dendrigrafts polymers, hypergrafts or hypergrafted polymers, dendritic-linear block polymers [10–12]. Schematic diagram of different classes of dendritic polymers is given in Fig. 1. Among these classes, dendrimers are most widely used for water purification applications. Although other dendritic polymers have also been employed in some reports, most of the authors used term “dendrimer” even for other subclasses of dendritic polymers. Dendrimers are novel nanostructured synthetic polymers that possess a highly branched structure with a unique three-dimensional molecular configuration and a large number of (reactive) end groups [13–15]. They are complex monodisperse macromolecules with a regular and well-defined chemical structure, and are excellent structurally ordered systems. Their functional groups can react with different functional moieties of other molecules at the nanoscale. This reactivity comes from multifunctional architecture and empty internal cavities. Dendrimers have received special attention for functionalization over various substrates as they possess many superior properties compared to linear polymers. They are unique in their viscosity, density distribution, and flexibility [16]. Exploration of different applications of dendrimers is still a growing field of research in supramolecular chemistry. They exhibited promising potential to be used in drug delivery [17], tissue engineering [18], bio-imaging [19], catalysis [20], cancer therapy [21], and in many other areas. They have been anticipated as promising adsorbents for the removal and analytical extraction of different pollutants from water. It is their ease of functionalization with different chemical groups and presence of numerous internal cavities that enable them to selectively adsorb the target pollutants. They have a wide range of applications in water treatment particularly as an adsorbent for the removal and extraction of different heavy metals, dyes, and organic pollutants. As analytical extractions and removal rely on the same concept [22], dendrimers have shown some exciting applications in analytical extractions [23–32], but the core of this article is to focus and highlight their applications in the adsorption based removal of pollutants.

Development of nanostructured films with combination of natural polymers and metals has become an important research field of nanotechnology. Nano films can be applied in various aspects in aquaculture such as in water treatments and filtration, diseases control (as antimicrobial materials), reduce heavy metal toxicity, antifouling in aquaculture nets, and biodegradable packaging materials for seafood products [1]. The use of biopolymers for developing nano films has been increased over the past years due to their low cost, renewability, nontoxic properties and environment friendly processing methods. Among various biopolymers, polysaccharides such as starch, alginate and chitosan have been proven to be good materials [2–5]. Chitosan is a natural poly cationic linear polysaccharide composed of randomly distributed beta-(1,4)-linked Dglucosamine (deacetylated unit) and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (acetylated unit). In general, chitosan can be produced by deacetylation of chitin, which is a structural element in crustacean exoskeleton, insect cuticle and fungal cell wall. Chitosan has been widely used for developing nano materials due to excellent properties such as biodegradability and biocompatibility [2]. Besides that, chitosan has shown a wide array of antimicrobial activities and filmogenic properties. On the other hand, nano scale silver (Ag) or silver nano particles (AgNPs) have shown strong therapeutic power, hence, those materials have been applied extensively on various biomedical applications including antimicrobial and wound dressings [6, 7]. Moreover, the use of chitosan polymers as templates and reducing agents is considered as one of the effective alternatives to synthesize AgNPs [8]. Previous reports have dealt with biopolymers like chitosan [9], heparin [10] and soluble starch [11] as reducing and stabilizing agents for preparation of AgNPs. Anastas and Williamson [12] have emphasized that nano products should be developed by green synthesis methods to reduce the formation of hazardous waste.

هدف از این مطالعه، توصیف تلفیق ازونی فوتوکاتالیستی به عنوان ترکیبی از دو تکنیک مختلف برای تولید رادیکال هیدروکسیل است. فتوکاتالیز و تلفیق ازونی، برای برجسته کردن مزایای آن برای تصفیه آب و فاضلاب، برای مقایسه با این دو تکنولوژی استفاده می شود. بررسی گسترده ای در مورد مکانیسم ها، جنبش شناسی ها و جنبه های اقتصادی تلفیق ازونی فتوکاتالیستی برای بررسی اثرات هم افزایی تولید شده با استفاده از این روش اکسیداسیون برای تخریب، کانی سازی و سم زدایی از آلودگی های مختلف آلی در محیط های آبی انجام شده است. تأثیر پارامترهای آزمایشی مانند غلظت آلاینده، دوز ازون، بار فتوکاتالیستی و خواص آن، pH و دمای محلول، طول موج و شدت تابش و تأثیر حضور برخی از مواد در کارایی تلفیق ازونی فتوکاتالیستی مورد بحث قرار گرفته است. در نهایت، سیستم های فوتوکاتالیستی ناشی از پلاسما به عنوان یک رویکرد جدید برای رسیدگی به روش های تصفیه ی تلفیق ازونی فتوکاتالیستی معرفی می شود.