Abstract

The lightweight Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) flight activities are constrained, particularly in the UAV range or activity span and perseverance, by the strategic correspondence link capabilities. This paper tends to the different overlap issue of trading off a set of mission prerequisites, the UAV execution parameters, and strategic credibility; thus compromising between the communication load characterized by a crucial, communication link transmitting power necessities, power accessibility onboard UAV as a weight-restricted parameter, and the UAV security.

Introduction

In current years, an outcome of decreased sizes and weights concentrated charges and amplified functionalities of various sensors and devices. The Unmanned Aerial Vehicles are attracting progressively general trendy varied variety of internal submissions (atmosphere monitoring, surveillance, photography, search-and-rescue, etc.) [1]. Through the marketplace develops and the diversity of applications increases, additional necessities are present-day being compulsory in spreading the flight variety and growing adaptability toward complex assignments of UAV structures [2].

UAV stands for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle, which is commonly considered to be a drone or an aircraft with no pilot on board. UAVs can be remote-controlled aircraft [3]. The unmanned aerial vehicle contains cameras, sensors, communication belonging as well as other payload devices [4]. It was created for military usage, and civilian usage to protect the border. UAVs are widely used in the military [5]. Unmanned aircraft system manufacturing was started by the United States department of defense (DOD) in 2005 [6]. Presently, leading UAV manufacturing countries are the USA, Israel, China, Iran, and Russia [7]. Rustom series of Indian UAVs are under development [8]. The Building of a UAV is easier, it is less expensive and it can be created at a reasonable price. UAVs are made of essential components.

Conclusion

In this paper, we reviewed UAV systems and communication design, and methods used to connect and send data to the ground station. Further, we discussed data processing via sensors and applications with security. We provide key definitions and concepts of UAV systems and details of the development of communication systems and GCS. We provide reviews and analyses of the security of UAVs and the types of attacks that are launched to disturb the communication of the UAV system. Finally, open research areas are given for further development of the UAV system and communication, which leads to better UAV technology for the industry.

1- Introduction

2- Materials and methods

3- Results

4- Discussion

References

Abstract

The increasing spatial resolution of earth observation satellites is creating new opportunities to survey wildlife. Satellites could be particularly valuable for surveying polar bears (Ursus maritimus) because of their remote circumpolar distribution and status of concern in the face of Arctic warming. However, the white coloration of bears does not contrast well with sea ice or snow in panchromatic imagery. We took advantage of the close-range observation capabilities of a drone to determine the spectral signature of polar bears as they would appear in multispectral satellite imagery, capturing low-altitude (≤100 m) multispectral images of bears in natural landscapes in Churchill, Manitoba, Canada. The bears’ spectral curves were similar to those previously measured from pelts, with reflectance increasing with wavelength through the visible spectrum, although live bears had higher reflectance than pelts in the red-edge and near-infrared region. Bears had sufficiently consistent reflectance across the overhead surface of their body that ≥50% of pixels comprising each subject could be confidently matched to its core spectral signature, boding well for detection in coarser satellite imagery. Bears were clearly distinguishable from snow by their much lower reflectance in the blue and green region, but could potentially be confounded with large bright boulders. Currently available multispectral satellite imagery may still be too coarse (1.2 m/pixel) to reliably detect polar bears on sea ice, but resolution will likely continue to increase in future systems. Drones are a useful tool to resolve the spectral signature of wildlife species that could potentially be detected in satellite imagery.

Introduction

Satellite-based remote sensing technologies are rapidly advancing and increasingly being used to monitor and model the abundance and distribution of wildlife species (He et al., 2015). The tremendous value of earth observation satellites for environmental and ecological monitoring over vast swaths of the Earth’s surface has long been recognized (Kerr and Ostrovsky, 2003), but only recently has satellite imagery achieved sufficiently high spatial resolutions to enable direct detection of wild animals or their signs. One of the first such studies involved detection of colonies of emperor penguins (Aptenodytes forsteri) (BarberMeyer et al., 2007). Subsequently, an increasing number of papers have reported detection of a variety of wildlife species in several parts of the world using satellite imagery (LaRue et al., 2017), including other penguins species (Lynch et al., 2012), flamingos (Sasamal et al., 2008), masked boobies (Sula dactylatra) (Hughes et al., 2011), seals (LaRue et al., 2011; McMahon et al., 2014), large African mammals (Yang et al., 2014; Xue et al., 2017), polar bears (Ursus maritimus) (Stapleton et al., 2014a; LaRue et al., 2015), whales (Fretwell et al., 2014) and albatrosses (Fretwell et al., 2017). The polar bear is a species for which satellite-based monitoring could be particularly attractive for several reasons. Polar bears occupy large geographic areas at low densities in remote locations throughout the Arctic and, as a result, can be challenging and expensive to monitor using traditional techniques such as mark-recapture methods (Lunn et al., 2016; Regehr et al., 2018) or low-level aerial surveys (Stapleton et al., 2014b). Both approaches are expensive, labour-intensive, and dangerous—several researchers have been killed or injured studying polar bears in the Arctic (Stirling, 2011). Moreover, several conservation concerns related to polar bears necessitate an increase in monitoring frequency and geographic scope. Shifts in the distribution and timing of sea ice melt affect where and when bears can hunt and may affect population health (Laidre et al., 2018).

I. INTRODUCTION

II. ON-CHIP-ANTENNAS AND APPLICATION AREAS: CURRENT STATE-OF-THE-ART

III. ON-CHIP-ANTENNAS AND EMERGING APPLICATIONS: POTENTIALS, CHALLENGES, MITIGATION TECHNIQUES, AND FUTURE PROSPECTS

IV. CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

The ever-growing demand for low power, high performance, cost-effective, low-profile, and highly integrated wireless systems for emerging applications has triggered the need for the enormous innovations in wireless transceiver systems, components, architectures and technologies. This is especially valid for the antenna which is an integral component of the wireless transceiver systems and contributes significantly in determining their overall performance. Antenna-on-Chip (AoC) is an alternative antenna technology, which has drawn a substantial attention in recent days because of its various benefits over off-chip antenna technology. A few of these benefits include miniaturization, low power, low cost, and high integration of the wireless modules. Motivated by these valuable advantages and to unveil the true potential of the AoCs, this article presents, for the first time, a comprehensive survey of the suitability, advantages, and challenges of the AoCs for the emerging wireless applications such as 5th generation (5G) Wireless Systems, Internet-of-Things (IoT) Wireless Devices and Systems, Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), Wireless Interconnects, Wireless Energy Transfer, Radio Frequency (RF) Energy Harvesting, Biomedical Implants, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), Autonomous vehicles, Innovative characterization methods for Integrated Circuits (ICs) and Antennas, and Smart City. In addition, this article presents the current stateof-the-art of the AoC’s applications by classifying their applications in Millimeter-Wave (MM-Wave) band, Terahertz (THz) band, and low-frequency bands. The article also investigates and describes some useful methods for the mitigation of the challenges and issues posed by the emerging applications for the realization of the AoCs in a systematic manner. A concise description of the future directions of the AoCs with respect to each emerging application is also a part of this article. It is expected that this well-structured and organized survey will not only act as an excellent source of scholarship for the relevant research community, but also open up a world of novel research opportunities.

INTRODUCTION

The last decade has witnessed an explosive advancement in the design of low-profile, power-efficient and cost-effective transceivers for wireless applications. Besides tremendous developments in ICs, transistor scaling and fabrication processes [1]–[3], this progress is essentially credited to the efficient integration and packaging methods [1]. The role of such integration methods is expected to proliferate in the future, because of the emergence of innovative applications such as 5G wireless technology [4]–[14], IoT wireless devices and systems [15], WSNs [16]–[20], and Smart Cities [21], [22], etc. Recently, System-on-Chip (SoC) integration technique has drawn an ample attention to the wireless applications over the alternative integration methods, i.e. Multichip module and System-in-Packaging (SiP) owing to its multitude of valuable benefits. A few of these advantages include low cost, miniaturization, low power consumption and less complexity for the wireless modules. All the sections (digital, Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC)/Digital-to-Analog Converter (DAC), RF front-end, and antennas) of a modern SoC based wireless system are placed on the same substrate as shown in Figure 1. The antenna of such a system is called as On-Chip-Antenna (AoC).