Abstract

In recent years artificial intelligence (AI) has been seen as a technology with tremendous potential for enabling companies to gain an operational and competitive advantage. However, despite the use of AI, businesses continue to face challenges and are unable to immediately realize performance gains. Furthermore, firms need to introduce robust AI systems and mitigate AI risks, which emphasizes the importance of creating suitable AI governance practices. This study, explores how AI governance is applied to promote the development of robust AI applications that do not introduce negative effects, based on a comparative case analysis of three firms in the energy sector. The study illustrates which practices are placed to produce knowledge that assists with decision making while at the same time overcoming barriers with recommended actions leading to desired outcomes. The study contributes by exploring the main dimensions relevant to AI’s governance in organizations and by uncovering the practices that underpin them.

Introduction

As businesses adopt Artificial Intelligence (AI), they are faced with new value propositions, but they also have to deal with new challenges, such as reducing the gap between intent and action(Amershi et al., 2019; Enholm et al., 2021; Mishra & Pani, 2020). Artificial intelligence has been perceived as a tool with which we can layer many different functions or as a solution to problems that are beyond the ability of traditional applications to solve. (Smuha, 2019). In order to gain a competitive advantage over their competitors (Raisch & Krakowski, 2021), businesses have implemented and deployed AI solutions to automate their processes, increase efficiency and reduce costs (Frank et al., 2019; Gregory et al., 2020). To achieve these goals, AI governance is essential. According to Butcher and Beridze (2019), AI governance “can be characterized as a variety of tools, solutions, and levers that influence AI development and applications”. Yet, further research is needed to better determine how AI Governance can be introduced into a company and whether AI governance can assist a company in achieving its objectives.

While AI has the potential to generate business value in terms of performance, productivity and effectiveness, it is not autonomous, as it works in concert with human capabilities (Zhang et al., 2021). Consequently, organizational capabilities are the results of combining and deploying multiple complementary resources within a firm to achieve competitive advantage (Mikalef & Gupta, 2021). When a firm optimizes its firm-level resources and adopts AI technological innovations, it can enhance its transformed projects’ business value which drives business value and impacts performance (Wamba-Taguimdje et al., 2020). Simultaneously, the AI algorithms can be considered performative in the sense that they assist in decision-making, the extent to which their use can form organizational processes, or even take autonomous decisions (Faraj et al., 2018; Grønsund & Aanestad, 2020) that leads to new organization capabilities through AI. The use of AI, for instance, could create more substantial customer acquisition or higher customer lifetime value and lower operating costs or reduce credit risk.

Discussion

In this study, we set out to explore the underlying activities that comprise an organization’s AI governance. Specifcally, we built on the prior distinction between structural, relational, and procedural dimensions of governance in order to understand how organizations are planning around their AI deployments. Through a multi-case study of three organizations that have been using AI for several years, we conducted a series of interviews with key respondents and identifed a set of activities that were relevant under each of the three dimensions, as well as challenges they faced during deployments of AI and how they managed to overcome them. Our analysis essentially points out the various obstacles that AI governance is oriented to overcoming, and the mechanisms employed to operationalize them.

Specifcally, we fnd that the obstacles that are identifed during the process of deploying AI are observable at diferent phases and concern diferent job roles. When it comes to difcult management responsibilities that a business owner must do, AI solutions can always provide a variety of responses and probabilities for each of these alternatives. However, AI lacks the ability to make decisions in specifc contexts. To make the ultimate decision, a business owner or manager must employ intuition to reconcile the choices provided by AI (Kar & Kushwaha, 2021). In addition, they span various levels of analysis, from the personal, such as fear of AI and reluctance of employees to adopt it, to organizational-level ones, such as organizational directives on how to comply with laws and regulations. What is more, the study reveals not only that AI governance is a multi-faceted issue for organizations but that it spans multiple levels, therefore requiring a structured approach when it is deployed. In addition, different concerns emerge at diferent phases of AI projects, so AI governance also encapsulates a temporal angle in its formation and deployment.

Abstract

     A quad-element multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) antenna with fractional bandwidth (FBW) of 52.42% (3.35–5.73 GHz) is proposed for LTE, WLAN (4.9/5 GHz), and 5G (sub-6 GHz) applications. The bandwidth is improved by introducing a tapered feed line and rectangular stubs in the partial ground plane. The maximum isolation of the proposed MIMO antenna is 27 dB. The diversity performance characteristics of the proposed antenna are studied in terms of the envelope correlation coefficient (ECC), diversity gain (DG), mean effective gain (MEG), total active reflection coefficient (TARC), isolation between the ports, and channel capacity loss (CCL) and the values obtained are 0.003, 9.98 dB, ±3 dB, −4 dB, −10 dB, and 0.10 bits/s/Hz respectively. A model of the proposed antenna is fabricated on the FR-4 substrate having a dielectric constant of 4.4 and a loss tangent of 0.02 with an electrical dimension of 0.45λ0 × 0.45λ0. The measured results demonstrate a decent likeness to simulated ones in the entire operating frequency range.

Introduction

     The current scenario for mobile communication is to achieve a higher data rate, capacity, low latency, and high resolution. The fifth-generation (5G) mobile communication has been deployed around the world to fulfill the above advantage [1,2]. It has been shown [3,4] that to improve the information throughput in a multipath environment for 5G operations, the MIMO antenna system should be adopted. MIMO antenna systems should have a minimal inter-element distance, low correlation values, and better isolation between inter elements [5]. The primary advantage of adopting an MIMO network over a normal one is that it can enhance wireless connection capacity while consuming less spectrum. The system’s link dependability and data rate can be enhanced by increasing the number of antennas on the transmitter/receiver, which results in more signal routes and thus higher performance. Hence MIMO techniques become very vital for wireless communication systems which are suffering from frequency constraints [6,7].

Conclusion

     A compact quad-element MIMO antenna of 40 × 40 × 1.6 mm3 for 5G, LTE, and WLAN frequency bands is designed, fabricated, and measured. The measured results demonstrate a decent likeness to simulated ones in the whole frequency range. The proposed design’s performance was evaluated and described in terms of impedance bandwidth, surface current distribution, reflection coefficient, gain, efficiency, and radiation characteristics. The MIMO provides good diversity performance with a low envelope correlation coefficient and a better diversity gain. Furthermore, within the operating frequency band, the proposed antenna obtained a maximum channel capacity of > 20 bits/s/Hz. The antenna has a total efficiency of 85.12% and a peak gain of 2.74 dBi. As a result, it is recommended as a candidate for 5G, WLAN, and LTE applications.

Abstract

     The emergence of the Industry 4.0 revolution to upgrade the Internet of Things (IoT) standards provides the prominence outcomes for the future wireless communication systems called 5G. The development of 5G green communication systems suffers from the various challenges to fulfill the requirement of higher user capacity, network speed, minimum cost, and reduced resource consumption. The use of 5G standards for Industry 4.0 applications will increase data rate performance and connected device’s reliability. Since the arrival of novel Covid-19 disease, there is a higher demand for smart healthcare systems worldwide. However, designing the 5G communication systems has the research challenges like optimum resource utilization, mobility management, cost-efficiency, interference management, spectral efficiency, etc. The rapid development of Artificial Intelligence (AI) across the different formats brings performance enhancement compared to conventional techniques. Therefore, introducing the AI into 5G standards will optimize the performances further considering the various end-user applications. We first present the survey of the terms like 5G standard, Industry 4.0, and some recent works for future wireless communications. The purpose is to explore the current research problems using the 5G technology. We further propose the novel architecture for smart healthcare systems using the 5G and Industry 4.0 standards. We design and implement that proposed model using the Network Simulator (NS2) to investigate the current 5G methods. The simulation results show that current 5G methods for resource management and interference management suffer from the challenges like performance trade-offs.

Introduction

     The further progress of the Internet of Things (IoT) reveals it is a fundamental piece of different applications, for instance, keen home, smart healthcare, savvy agriculture, brilliant city, and so forth. The remarkable improvement of IoT devices encounters accepting various benchmarks and progressions. Another significant issue in IoT gadgets is interoperability among particular gadgets and organizations. The specific devices should be versatile in accepting the situation in passing on information with less human commitment (Xu et al. 2004). The human free and human-driven are two kinds of unavoidable perspectives on account of human affiliation. The energy effectiveness and resource management in IoT acquired huge examination interests. The key necessity of IoT empowered WSNs is that they ought to work steadily and economically for a more drawn-out period with no requirement for human mediation (He et al. 2004). Devices in such IoT systems will ordinarily work dependent on battery power sources, and subsequently, energy proficiency has normally of most extreme significance in a gadget the executives (Nadeem et al. 2015; Arifin and Ohtsuki 2014). Thinking about the WSN area, energy productivity for battery worked sensor hubs and lifetime upgrades have been researched issues for a long time (Riggio and Sicari 2009; Sohrabi et al. 2000). Medium Access Control (MAC) layer conventions center around changing the obligation cycle for sensor hubs and steering layer conventions have intended for information accumulation and many-to-one transmission. Likewise, since IoT gadgets working in the IoT arrange worldview are additionally battery worked, battery utilization ought to be remembered during IoT organize organization. The acknowledgment of cost decreases to accomplish green systems administration is the exploration goal of this research. Numerous energy productive plans for WSN have been proposed in the ongoing past, for example, a chain of command (Sohrabi et al. 2000) and careful (Mikhail et al. 2017a, b) ones, anyway there are numerous gaps identified with effective information total and spread strategies.

Conclusion and future work

     Progressions in the 5G standard and its integration with emerging Industry 4.0 and AI innovations were studied in this paper. The fast-expanding savvy devices and IoT modules in volume produce a huge measure of information traffic, putting extra weight on existing portable remote sensor networks. This paper presents an itemized review on the combination of 5G, Massive MIMO, and AI for improving IoT performance. The wide range of recent studies reviewed throughout this paper and based on it the research gaps for future roadmap discussed. We further have designed the novel model for smart healthcare monitoring using the methods of 5G and IoT together. The model was implemented and evaluated using the recent 5G methods for resource and interference management. The simulation results reveal the research gaps for further development.

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Fifth Generation of Network Technology

6.3 Internet of Things (IoT)

6.4  Industrial Internet of Things

6.5 IoT in the Automotive Industry

6.6 IoT in Agriculture

6.7 AI, IoT, and 5G Security

6.8 Conclusion

References

6.1 Introduction 

The world of Artificial Intelligence (AI), fifth-generation data networks (5G), and the rapidly growing Internet of Things (IoT) devices can be beneficial to us, but also present numerous flaws as they are all new and rapidly developing technologies. It is important to note that the 5G network has better security than the third generation (3G) and forth generation (4G) networks. Still, it has been said that some of the classic vulnerabilities and security flaws from 3G and 4G networks were directly carried over to the developing 5G network, thus presenting additional security flaws right out of the gate. Both AI and the IoT will benefit from the development of 5G networks where businesses can use such devices, which will be tied to the growing 5G network, and can serve several purposes throughout the business market, among other areas.

When it comes to consumer-based electronic devices, they are certainly on the rise. As technology improves, these devices will consume more bandwidth and data than ever before. The increase in data and bandwidth consumption from newly emerging technologies could include the ability to interpret human speech on-the-fly and identify various patterns throughout data or documents from a mobile device. This data can even adjust business efficiency, increasing overall profits with endless possibilities for automation in manufacturing. This is where the development of 5G data networks come into play. 5G networks will have the bandwidth needs for current and future data-hungry devices in a growing technological world.

AI technology is growing from ordinary scientists’ simple tools to as far as the use within the professional development community for higher intelligence use. These various organizations can use AI technology to fill the current gap in the data science area, a big gamechanger for data science! This also always gives end-consumers the ability to take their business and personal data wherever they go. This is a big deal when making end-consumers happy while retaining their privacy with their online data.

When it comes to data processing, with the help of 5G, AI, and the IoT, modern technology demands that data management and processing capabilities should have the data possessors brought to the data itself rather than sending the collected data processing elsewhere. This may also include the data processing and distributed data stores included within the data management process in order to guarantee that support is offered where AI, 5G, and IoT: Driving Forces Towards the Industry Technology Trends 118 6 AI, 5G, and IoT: Driving Forces Towards the Industry Technology Trends the received critical data is being stored. 5G network technology will be revolutionary to end-consumers, businesses, and data processing centers worldwide.

Abstract

     Small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) play a crucial role within a country’s economy considering that they provide a source of skills and innovation for entrepreneurship and their capacity for introducing, integrating and disseminating new technologies is incomparable. However, the world may be looking at an impending devastating recession delivered by the coronavirus pandemic. As governments intensify restrictions on business to halt the spread of the pandemic, the fear of the virus also reconfigures the very concept of business and the workplace. Therefore, there is a need for a greater focus on digital transformation considering that physical distancing requirements to curb the spread of this virus may become a cultural orientation for businesses and the workplace. A real digital transition is anticipated for small businesses with the 5G network technology. 5G network will not just be a technological connection but will affect different socio-economic sectors and will stimulate innovation in small companies. The goal of this paper was to carry out a literature review on the potential ways small businesses can leverage on 5G network for digital innovation. The paper proposed that small and medium businesses can leverage the 5G Mobile Technology through enhanced interpersonal communication, expanded remote work opportunities, innovative digital tools and supply chain efficiency. Finally, while many individuals and small business owners will profit from 5G technology some will work to undermine it. As a result, companies must keep this in mind when implementing 5G, or other new technology, and adjust their security protocols accordingly to remain secure.

Introduction

     Small businesses can expect a true digital transition with 5G (fifth generation of broadband data-networking digital communications technology) network technology (Tullberg et al., 2016). With an estimated annual growth rate of 97% and approximately 40% of the global population using IoT apps on a 5G network, the new mobile technology has the potential to generate a $251 trillion economic impact by 2025. This growth can be attributed to the fact that the 5G network will not only provide a technological connection but will also have an impact on various socioeconomic sectors and encourage small business innovation (Webb, 2016). The new technological link will make it possible to implement well-known initiatives, such as Smart City, Smart Company, and artificial intelligence in business (Zhu et al., 2016). Because of increased data transfer speed and reduced time between signal transmission and reception, the 5G network will redefine the role of connectivity and connections in global society, providing a new foundation for business innovation, particularly in small businesses. The goal of this paper is to conduct a review of the literature on the various ways small businesses can use the 5G network for digital innovation.

Conclusion

     The goal of this article was to establish a link between 5G technology and digital innovation, particularly in SMEs. The article began by establishing the context of the paper by summarising current knowledge and background information on the subject. This was accomplished by stating the purpose of the paper, the research question/problem, briefly explaining the methodological approach, and emphasising the study’s potential outcomes. Conceptual framework and synthesis were created to demonstrate the key relationships between the focal constructs (5G technology and digital innovation). This was done to aid comprehension of the conceptual framework. This paper contends that the implementation of 5G technology creates a platform for digital innovation in SMEs’ communication, remote working, supply chains, and marketing activities. This can simplify and improve the efficiency of work processes and operations within SMEs, resulting in increased productivity. 5G technology will create enormous opportunities for new revenue streams and will serve as the foundation for business innovation and development on a scale that companies in almost every industry have yet to fully explore.

Abstract

     The rollout of 5G wireless service has been much anticipated by consumers across the U.S. since it will bring faster data download speeds and expanded service; however, the impact to aviation and air travel are as a major issue and the potential impact to aviation has not been estimated or assessed. This paper fills that gap and provides the first analysis of the potential number of flights impacted by 5G at ten of the busiest airports in the U.S. Using detailed historical weather and flight data in 2019 at 10 large hub airports, we find that nearly 15,700 flight arrivals could be directly impacted annually, at the ten airports considered. The geographical and seasonal impact varies significantly with more flights affected by the potential for 5G interference at airports in Seattle and Dallas Fort-Worth and relatively few flights affected at airports in Phoenix and Las Vegas. A case study examining ten years of data at Chicago O’Hare International, a hub for two major airlines, suggests that over 2,400 flights every year could be impacted by 5G interference. Fortunately, there has been increasing cooperation between the cell phone industry and aviation stakeholders to ensure a safe rollout of 5G C-band; this paper provides a significant contribution by documenting the issues and context for aviation operations.

Introduction

     The rollout of 5G wireless service has been much anticipated by consumers across the U.S. as data download speeds will be increased and service expanded. 5G C-band enables data intensive technology for personal and business use, ranging from entertainment such as video games to critical communications for public services (Pham et al, 2020), and provides more consistent, faster speeds and increased capacity. The communications band or “C” band was originally designated for industrial applications and satellite communications and were repurposed for 5G wireless between 3.7 and 3.98 GHz. C-band is one component of the mid-band frequency between 3.3 and 4.2 GHz. The benefits of the new 5G C-band service have been contraindicated near airports by the aviation industry due to the potential for negative operational and safety impacts. Since the 5G C-band frequencies is very close to the Aeronautical Radionavigation Service (ARS) spectrum (as shown in Fig. 1), there is a potential for signal interference which could potentially disrupt the operation of the radio/radar altimeter equipment on many transport aircraft. This equipment is necessary to conduct certain low visibility procedures when weather conditions do not permit use of standard precision or non-precision procedures. The inability of aircraft to safely perform these procedures could generate flight disruptions throughout the system. This fact was underscored by the acknowledgement that over 100 pilot reports of potential 5G interference have been made in the first few weeks of 5G rollout (Levin and Shields, 2022). Additionally, the U.S. Transportation Secretary noted that these issues will not be fixed by the summer flying season (Reardon, 2022).

Conclusions

     As the U.S. and other countries introduce 5G C-band, the need to understand the potential disruption to air travel is apparent. This paper provides the first estimates of the number of flights that could be potentially impacted at ten of the busiest airports in the U.S. These flights conducting low visibility procedures could be delayed, diverted, or cancelled. The number of flights conducting these low visibility approaches varies across seasons and location. Some airports, such as Seattle-Tacoma International could experience a significant impact to flight operations while others such as Harry Reid International in Las Vegas could be minimally impacted. Dallas Fort-Worth International, which area serves as several major airline hubs and headquarters, experiences numerous low visibility flight operations with the greatest monthly variation. The systemic impact from disruptions out of these ten busy hub airports presents a significant risk to travelers and airline operations. These risks include delays and cancelations as well as their direct and indirect economic costs. Further, to highlight the significant potential impact we determined that Chicago O’Hare International had over 27,000 flights conduct low visibility operations in the decade from 2009 to 2019.

Abstract

     The latest 5G technology is being introduced the Internet of Things (IoT) Era. The study aims to focus the 5G technology and the current healthcare challenges as well as to highlight 5G based solutions that can handle the COVID-19 issues in different arenas. This paper provides a comprehensive review of 5G technology with the integration of other digital technologies (like AI and machine learning, IoT objects, big data analytics, cloud computing, robotic technology, and other digital platforms) in emerging healthcare applications. From the literature, it is clear that the promising aspects of 5G (such as super-high speed, high throughput, low latency) have a prospect in healthcare advancement. Now healthcare is being adopted 5G-based technologies to aid improved health services, more effective medical research, enhanced quality of life, better experiences of medical professionals and patients in anywhere–anytime. This paper emphasizes the evolving roles of 5G technology for handling the epidemiological challenges. The study also discusses various technological challenges and prospective for developing 5G powered healthcare solutions. Further works will incorporate more studies on how to expand 5G-based digital society as well as to resolve the issues of safety–security–privacy and availability–accessibility–integrity in future health crises.

Introduction

     The latest wireless mobile phone technology, Fifth Generation (5G), was first widely deployed in 2019. While 5G network is at developing stage, some countries including China, South Korea, the UK and the US commercially deployed 5G networks, and some other developed countries are being expecting to put forward commercial 5G networks by 2025 [1]. Comparing to the existing wireless networks, 5G provides high data rate, lower latency, high volume of devices connectivity with energy efficiency, high reliability and mobility support [2]. Thus, the services offered by 5G mobile networks are generally categorized into three group, namely (i) “enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB)”, (ii) “ultra-reliable low latency communications (URLLC)”, and (iii) “massive machine-type communications (mMTC)” [3]. In 2019, 67% of the world people have subscribed to cellar devices, of which 65% have used smart phones [4], and 204 billion apps have been downloaded [5]. About 3.8 billion public have eagerly used social media reported in January 2020 [6]. As the number of digital devices connectivity with 5G is dramatically increasing, the extent of variation in exposure to radiofrequency arenas is still under investigation.

Conclusion

     The use of 5G network in integrating other digital technologies (like AI and machine learning, IoMTs, big data analytics, cloud computing, etc.) is now a reality in healthcare. From the literature, it is clear that 5G enabled technologies as well as intelligent systems have a prospect to improve healthcare services, such as medical diagnosis, health monitoring, treatment, management, etc. As the 5G poses non-ionizing radiation, there is no significant health risk of 5G RF wave below the recommended safety level. There is no evidence that 5G signal causes the spread of the coronavirus. Moreover, 5G enabled digital technologies have been used for limiting the COVID-19 outbreak, and enhancing the public-health strategies in 2020. Some advanced technology giants are conducting their researches on 5G related applications that will combat against the health risks of any undesirable epidemics. The successful utilization of 5G technology to tackle healthcare challenges will enhance the acceptance of such technologies for other sectors in the future.

     As it is a new field of research, some issues are to be considered in deployment of 5G network in healthcare including infrastructure development, technical standards, effective regulations and policy, privacy protection and security, as well as availability of research data. Further works will incorporate more study on how to expand 5G based digital society as well as to resolve some issues, such as safety–security–privacy, availability–accessibility–integrity, and to augment resilience to future health crises. It is also required to compile laws and prepare proper guidelines to deal with ethical and legal counteractions in managing the online services during the emergency situations. With the new technological innovations, 5G network will provide a complete pathway for a smart society with various promising healthcare applications.

Abstract

     The expedite to network economy during the COVID-19 pandemic has raised the question of how to induce and sustain a societal and industrial transformation towards a more networked world. Among the driving forces behind network economy, the commercialization of 5G, the fifth generation of mobile technologies, is especially noteworthy. How does 5G induce such a transition? How do countries respond? are questions deserving more investigation. However, most discussions of 5G have been confined to standardization or standard-setting. To take into accounts interactions between technology and economy, we adopt Geels’ (2002) multi-level perspective to put 5G transition in the social-technical context. We choose China as an influential case and deploy mixed methods to analyze a variety of data sources. The results show a rich picture of technological transition, including: 1) 5G standard-setting as a transition trigger in the global level; 2) IoT incubation in the niche level; and 3) regime configuration in the national level. We help transcend the limitation of standardization studies, extend the scope of transition studies into network economy, and introduce more industrial dynamics.

Introduction

     The expedite to network economy during the COVID-19 pandemic has raised the question of how to induce and sustain a societal and industrial transformation towards a more networked world. Network economy is not a new thing since the world has been deeply embedded in a fabric interwoven by network infrastructure (Zammuto et al., 2007). What is new is that the pandemic has triggered transformations not only in a global scale, but also in a massive scope on every aspect of political, economic and social life. We have seen the rise of pandemic information systems, the move to on-line education, the increase in flexible work arrangements, and the intensification of network economy across many sectors (Whitelaw et al., 2020). The pandemic will end eventually, but the momentum it generated might have long-lasting effects. Network economy will continue making new ways of organizing and working possible (Brynjolfsson and McAfee, 2014), connecting humans and machines via a vast array of internet of things (IoT) applications (Shafique et al., 2020), and incorporating artificial intelligence (AI) as a component to augment and automate increasingly more functions and processes within as well as across organizations (Kellogg et al., 2020). It is therefore foreseeable a transition towards a more networked economy and society.

Conclusion and discussion

     Through the case study, we analyze changes in the three levels during 5G transition, which suggest: 1) 5G standard-setting as a transition trigger in the global level; 2) IoT incubation in the niche level; and 3) regime reconfiguration in the national level. These changes, however, must be put under the scrutiny of alignment to make linkages between them. According to Kemp et al. (2001), “It is the alignment of developments (successful processes within the niche reinforced by changes at regime level and at the level of the sociotechnical landscape) which determine if a regime shift will occur”. The alignment is important for stability and sustainability of both regime reconfiguration and actors’ construction and response. Therefore, we can observe how this alignment helps reinforce regime reconfiguration and stabilize a new regime.

Abstract

     Physical layer security (PLS) in Internet-of-Things (IoT) has attracted great attention in recent years. As an important and intrinsic property in an IoT system, node mobility is not fully investigated when designing a PLS scheme. Existing PLS works with mobility are designed with typical random mobile models, which cannot represent a real scenario. Considering this challenge, we propose a friendly jamming handover scheme to protect the downlink transmission from a controller to an actuator, with the help of multiple cooperative jammers to fight against a mobile conscious eavesdropper. In particular, we first introduce a conscious eavesdropping model (CEM) to characterize a real mobile wiretapping scenario. Second, we present a handover scheme to enhance security in a mobile scenario and then define handover efficiency to discuss the handover performance. Finally, numerical results are provided to verify the effectiveness of the proposed handover scheme, which demonstrates that our scheme can efficiently fight against a conscious mobile eavesdropper.

Introduction

     Internet of Things (IoT) is expected as a promising technique to achieve ubiquitous connectivity and intelligent information processing for the intelligent future life [1, 2]. Since the IoT is penetrating our daily life, the security and privacy are of the utmost importance [3–5]. Physical layer security (PLS) techniques have been attracted growing interests for the scenarios with resource-constrained IoT sensors and actuators [6–8]. A PLS scheme taking advantage of the unique properties of wireless channels can guarantee the information-theoretic communication security, regardless of the computing capability of eavesdroppers [9]. Various PLS schemes have been investigated to enhance secrecy in IoT networks, including multi-antenna beamforming and precoding [10, 11], artificial noise (AN) [12], intermittent cooperative jamming [13], and sociability-enabled PLS [8, 14, 15].

Conclusion

     This work investigated secure downlink transmmission in an IoT system with a mobile eavesdropper, and proposed a handover scheme to enhance PLS with the help of multiple cooperative jammers. In order to reflect the real situation, the conscious eavesdropping model was proposed to compare with the typical RWP model. Moreover, we introduced a metric called handover efficiency to reflect the handover performance. The numerical results verified that the handover scheme could efficiently improve the secrecy performance and effectively confront the conscious eavesdropper. The proposed scheme is feasible to provide security enhancement in many real mobile eavesdropping scenarios.

Abstract

Document Sections

5G Cellular Mobile Technology

Recent Updates of Health Safety Recommendations

Human Eye and Skin Tissues

Biological Interactions With Mm-Waves

Anomalies in Recently Updated Safety Recommendations

Abstract:

The rollout of 5G cellular communication technology is well underway worldwide. The advocates of 5G mobile technology hail it as a faster and more secure technology than its predecessor, 3G and 4G systems. The major enabling infrastructure uses millimeter-wave (mm-wave) and phased-array technology to achieve line-of-sight directivity, high data rates, and low latency. A central vulnerability or security threat is that it may allow spying on users. Nevertheless, this is a system architecture and technology or regulatory issue but not a biological effect or health safety matter.

5G Cellular Mobile Technology

5G cellular mobile technology is a telecommunication technology multilayered in frequency assignment and varied in operational scope and performance. It includes an extremely wide range of multiple RF bands. Its frequency coverage may be roughly separated into two ranges: sub-6-GHz bands and 24–60-GHz frequencies that reach well into the mm-wave region. The frequency ranges have often been further divided into low-, mid, and high-band 5G. Low-band 5G starts at roughly 400 MHz and uses existing or previous 3G or 4G frequencies or newly opened frequencies to operate; the latter, for example, may overlap with the existing 4G band. The 5G rollout began with midband, which includes popular frequencies between 3 and 4 GHz. However, primary 5G technological advances are associated with high-band 5G, which promises performance bandwidth as high as 20 GHz, and multiple-input, multiple-output strategies using 64–256 antennas at short distances and offering performances up to 10 times better than the current 4G networks

Abstract

Although mobile technologies keep evolving through years, Fault management and cyber-security management in mobile networks are still treated as separated notions with different blocks and different approaches whereas in practice, they are highly correlated. In this paper, we propose a framework that takes into account the correlation between these two management systems. The framework is based on several prediction agents where each agent is composed of a security predictor, a fault predictor and a generic anomaly detection model. A re-enforcement process allows to enhance the reliability of the machine learning training and prediction phases of the different predictors. Besides, each agent can collaborate with its neighborhood for a more resilient network. An application of this framework to 5G architecture is proposed by mapping the components of our framework with network slices. Finally, an experimentation is held over a testbed that we set up on openstack in order to forecast future anomalies related to proxy overload, latency violation in call session network functions and to excessive usage of memory. The training is achieved with ARIMA and deep learning models with promising results.

1 Introduction

As mobile network technologies evolve, new services are offered and more sophisticated networks are needed. The increasing number of Internet users leads to a redesign of network architecture, forcing designers to take into account new parameters such as the need of global coverage combined with low latency, as well as a high reliability and security level. Additionally, new networking experiences are added, such as Internetof-Things (IoT), which promise to offer new services and facilities to people’s daily lives. In this demanding environment, 5G technology is emerging, playing a decisive role in the implementation of new visions and promising to deliver solutions. A major innovation introduced by 5G technology [1] is the scalability. 5G architectures take into account the possible need of extending the capabilities of the network, both at the level of user traffic growth and at the level of new services input from providers. Slicing could be the ideal solution for such networks, offering scalability as well as flexibility in managing a giant network. Network Slicing is set to be a prominent feature of 5G to allow connectivity and data processing tailored to specific customers requirements. Mobile communications provided by smart networks will enhance the efficiency and productivity of business processes and will open up opportunities for network operators to address the Business-to-Business segment more effectively.