مقاله انگلیسی رایگان در مورد اجزای شیمیایی فناوری حاکم بر آفت کش کشاورزی – الزویر 2018

Abstract

Government regulators of agricultural pesticides use multidisciplinary computer models with which they make product licencing decisions. Hydrology engineering and chemistry components are integrated into the multidisciplinary models. Although the scientific quality of the hydrology components is reasonably good, the scientific quality of the chemistry component does not match this good quality. These models often use chemically meaningless parameters and assumptions that are not supported by experiments. During the past 25 years chemical kinetics and mechanisms based on experiments and stoichiometry have been published for most agricultural pesticides in soil and water. Thus, the chemistry components should now be replaced with those that use the kinetics and mechanisms currently available. They should next be continuously upgraded as the chemical mechanisms research evolves.

Introduction

Regulatory agencies in North America, the United Kingdom, and the European Union use multidisciplinary computer models for the regulation of agricultural pesticides. The PRZM GW (pesticide root zone model, groundwater) model is an example. More than three dozen of these models have been reported, used for predicting the risk of pesticides to groundwater. They are based mainly on hydrology engineering but attempt to account for the chemical effects of soils on the pesticides. The multinational corporations that market agricultural pesticides submit applications with test data, for product registration. Licences for the sale and use of the pesticides depend on the submitted test data and computer predictions used by the regulatory agencies. However, the legally binding decisions are only as good as the model predictions. The safety of both people and their environment ultimately depends on the quality of the science from which the regulatory technology is derived. The hydrology and chemistry components of the computer models are discussed here.