مقاله انگلیسی رایگان در مورد مدیریت مشکلات منابع آبی در آبیاری کشاورزی – الزویر ۲۰۱۸

The water and soil resources are limited and they experience gradual degradation (Chitsaz and Azarnivand, 2017; Singh, 2018a, 2016a). Besides, farm production requires to be increased using these limited resources for feeding the burgeoning global population (Xie et al., 2018; Lomba et al., 2017; Li and Zhang, 2015; Singh, 2018b, 2014; Liu et al., 2016; Davijani et al., 2016). The intensification of irrigated agriculture is required for realizing food security (Das et al., 2015; Singh et al., 2016) in dry regions given that normal rainfall in these areas is highly unreliable (Herrmann et al., 2016; Adhikari et al., 2017; Postel, 1999). This intensification, however, could result in water resources problems of rising watertables and secondary salinization (Tilman et al., 2002; Houk et al., 2006; Singh, 2012, 2017a,b). Abbas et al. (2013) stated that soil salinization is growing globally at an average annual rate of over 2 million ha. In recent times, the Food and Agriculture Organization FAO reported that more than 19 percent of the total irrigated territory is suffered by salinization (FAO, 2016). The simulation models can predict the possible impacts of a specific management option. In recent past, researchers across the world, i.e., Rezaeianzadeh et al. (2017), Kacimov et al. (2016), Mao et al. (2017), Droogers et al. (2000), Xu et al. (2011), Sedki and Ouazar (2011), Xie and Cui (2011), and Yazdi and Salehi Neyshabouri (2012) have used a large number of simulation models for studying various aspects of water resources problems. A physical-based 1-D simulation model SWASALT was used by Singh (2010) for mitigating the rising watertable and salinity problems in north-west India. The study reported that a poor quality water of 7.5 dS/m salinity can safely be used for crop production in most soils and climatic conditions in waterlogged areas. Later, Chandio et al. (2012) used a 3-D simulation model in an irrigated area of Pakistan. In all the earlier studies some groundwater withdrawal increase or recharge reduction measures are suggested to manage the salinization and waterlogging problems. Nevertheless, the majority of these models entail specific soil characteristics as inputs, i.e., osmotic and matric soil-water potential, soil moisture content of root-zone, and dispersivity and hydraulic conductivity, which measurement is difficult. Having considered findings of the previous studies and the current need as discussed, the current study used a water and salt balance model SaltMod (Oosterbaan, 2008). The model needs inputs that are usually obtainable (Srinivasulu et al., 2004). The model was used in a command of north-west India which faces the hydrological problems of water resources, i.e., salinization and waterlogging (Groundwater Cell, 2014a). Previously the SaltMod was used by Vanegas Chacon (1993) in Leziria Grande Polder, Portugal. Later, it was applied in Nagarjuna Sagar Command of India by Srinivasulu et al. (2005), in Krishna district of India by Sarangi et al. (2006), and in the Plain of Konya-Cumra, Turkey by Bahceci et al. (2006) among others. In almost all the preceding studies, the model SaltMod was used in areas which are equipped with the drainage system. There is no indication of model application for the long-term evaluation of water and salt balances in irrigated lands under different hydrological conditions. In this paper, an attempt has been made to analyse the long-term water and salt balances under various management strategies.