Highlights

Abstract

Graphical abstract

Keywords

۱٫ Introduction

۲٫ Materials and methods

۳٫ Results and discussion

۴٫ Conclusions

CRediT authorship contribution statement

Declaration of Competing Interest

Acknowledgement

References

Abstract

Spectroscopic methods provide information on the spatial localization of biochemical components based on the analysis of vibrational spectra. Raman spectroscopy and Raman imaging can be used to analyze various types of human brain tumors and breast cancers. The objective of this study is to evaluate the Raman biomarkers to distinguish tumor types by Raman spectroscopy and Raman imaging. We have demonstrated that bands characteristic for carotenoids (1156 cm−۱, ۱۵۲۰ cm−۱), proteins (1004 cm−۱), fatty acids (1444 cm−۱, ۱۶۵۵ cm−۱) and cytochrome (1585 cm−۱) can be used as universal biomarkers to assess aggressiveness of human brain tumors. The sensitivity and specificity obtained from PLS-DA have been over 73%. Only for gliosarcoma WHO IV the specificity is lower and takes equal 50%. The presented results confirm clinical potential of Raman spectroscopy in oncological diagnostics.

۱٫ Introduction

The nervous system tumors are one of the most common types of cancer in the world. [1] In this paper we analyzed various types of human brain tumor such as: gliosarcoma [2], meningothelioma, anaplastic oligodendroglioma [3], pituitary adenoma [4], neurofibroma, testicular cancer metastasis to the brain and breast cancer. [5]

According to WHO meningotheliomas (Meningioma menigotheliale) account for some 15–۱۸% of all intracranial tumors. Meningotheliomas are the most frequent brain tumors in adults and they occur more often in female than in male. [6] When meningotheliomas are benign tumor they carry a good prognosis. Standard treatment for meningotheliomas is surgical resection. It is estimated that 80% of meningotheliomas are grade I (mildly malignant). [7] The main symptoms in patient with meningotheliomas are sensory and motor deficits or gait disturbance.[8]

Malignant glioma is the most common type of primary brain tumor. There are known three subtypes of gliomas such as: anaplastic astrocytoma (AA), anaplastic oligoastrocytoma (AOA), anaplastic oligodendroglioma (AO), and anaplastic ependymoma. Anaplastic oligodendroglioma tumors are rare and uncommon; they constitute 2–۷% of primary brain tumors. [9] The standard therapy for patients with anaplastic oligodendroglioma and the treatment include a lot of therapies such as: chemotherapy [10], stereotactic radiotherapies [11], targeted therapy [12], and reoperation. [13] Despite intensive study, the mortality among patients with malignant glioma is very high. It is estimated that 77% die within 1 year after diagnosis. [14]