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Abstract

The car-sharing market is changing at a dynamic pace. Along with changes and new user habits, car-sharing systems are required to make this market even more accessible and flexible. This solution is possible due to the joining of Mobility-as-a-Service (MaaS) systems and the sharing of data, as well as the implementation of open innovations. However, these are aspects that strongly interfere with the business models of car-sharing systems. Due to this fact, this article is dedicated to the subject of business models in car-sharing systems and the issues of using data sharing and implementing open innovations. This study aimed to analyze the current state of business models and to propose an individual business model of an open car-sharing system based on the concept of open innovation and data sharing. As part of the study, expert surveys were carried out. The results obtained indicate that the dynamics of business models and the development of innovation in car-sharing enterprises are being disrupted. Moreover, most of the current business models are not updated. They also do not consider the subject of open innovation and data sharing, despite operators considering this problem to be significant. The individual model of an open car-sharing system developed in this article was constructed in such a way as to support operators during the transformation of current business models into a modern open model.

۱٫ Introduction

Car-sharing services, i.e., short-term vehicle rental, have become widely available on six continents of the world. The great interest in services is mainly related to the flexibility and freedom of movement provided by vehicles [1,2]. Car-sharing services are generally well-received by society and municipal decision makers. New road and architectural investments dedicated to car-sharing (and in the future also to autonomous car-sharing) are being created in cities, which ensure a better readiness for the development of systems [3,4]. Therefore, car-sharing systems are also becoming more and more interesting for business operators. In line with the trend of interest in services, car sharing, as well as the entire new mobility market, is changing dynamically. These changes include, for example, the type of services provided and changes in the fleet, location, or vehicle allocation [5–۸]. In addition, many business innovations are being implemented, especially during the current pandemic period [9].

Services business models should also change according to trends and should be constantly monitored. However, observing the current market of new mobility services by taking part in various industry and advisory meetings, I noticed that not all operators may adapt their business models to changing conditions and newly implemented services. Moreover, I assumed that the models may not be up-to-date and may not consider valueadded issues or aspects of open innovation. Based on this assumption, I have devoted this article to business models used in car-sharing systems, analyzing the theoretical approach via a literate review, the actual practices of operators, and proposing my own improvements in car-sharing models in line with the concepts of open data and data sharing. This article aims to show the possibilities of improving business models with the issues of veracity, concerning open innovation and data sharing. Furthermore, this article aimed to identify the greatest changes that must occur for open innovations to be implemented and the greatest threats and advantages for the functioning of open car-sharing systems to be revealed.