مقاله انگلیسی رایگان در مورد جهت گیری آسیب زلزله برای پی بردن به پارامترهای لرزه ای – الزویر 2018

The base of the seismic hazard studies to mitigate future earthquake losses is to understand the earthquakes that hit a region in the past. Seismic catalogs incorporate information about past events by palaeoseismological, archaeological and historical studies. A multidisciplinary combination of historical, archaeological and palaeosismological data can provide insight into the seismogenic fault, recurrence, location and socioeconomic effects (e.g. Nur and Cline, 2000; Meghraoui et al., 2003; Michetti et al., 2005; Caputo and Helly, 2008; Karakhanian et al., 2008; Berberian et al., 2012; Udías, 2015). The study of the seismogenic fault by palaeoseismological studies of the surface rupture is one of the data sources (on-fault) that provide estimation of fault rupture, magnitude, location and recurrences for seismic catalogs. Unfortunately, catastrophic earthquakes of low to moderate magnitudes (M< 6.5) may not leave evidence of the surface ruptures (e.g., Pizzi and Scisciani, 2012; Martinez-Diaz, et al. 2012; Martin-Gonzalez et al, 2012; Mckey and Quigley, 2014). Therefore, for earthquakes for which seismogenic fault and surface ruptures have not been identified (because of the low to moderate magnitudes, blind faults, or just because it is not observed at the surface due to subsequent burial, erosion by surface processes or destruction by human activity), the evidence of the seismic events is found in the earthquake damage (ED) observed in historical or archaeological sites. Earthquake information can be obtained by the study off-fault of the ED recorded in historical and archaeological sites or in historical photographs and descriptions of the earthquakes (archaeoseismology, historical seismology) (e. g., Mallet, 1862; Musson, 1996; Korjenkov and Mazor, 1999; Nur and Cline, 2000; Marco et al., 2003; Ambraseys, 2006; Galadini et al., 2006; Al-Tarazi and Korjenkov, 2007; Marco, 2008; Guidoboni and Ebel, 2009; Reicherter et al., 2009; Sintubin et al., 2010; Talwani, 2014; Stiros and Blackman, 2014; Kyriakides et al., 2016). This information, along with how the population felt the earthquake in many cases has been used to make estimations of the earthquake dates, locations of epicenters, focal depths, magnitude or intensity, ground shaking and seismic moments of the seismic events (Guidoboni and Ebel, 2009). All this information is crucial to evaluate the seismic hazard and regulatory seismic codes (Musson, 1996; Korjenkov and Mazor 1999, 2013; ASCE, 2010; Galadini et al., 2006).