مقاله انگلیسی رایگان در مورد بوم شناسی صنعتی و مدیریت راهبردی (الزویر)

In September 2015 the international community adopted the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), to address global challenges in health, education, social equity and justice, economic security, and environmental issues. The SDGs have been developed by the United Nations as a template for sustainable devleoment globally, and are part of a wider 2030 Agenda that build on the Millenium Development Goals set in 2000.The SDGs came in to force on 1 January 2016, and while not legally binding, offer a pathway for countries to mobilize efforts to end poverty, address climate change, and secure equitable livelihoods for all people (Open Working Group of the General Assembly on Sustainable Development Goals, 2015). The SDGs establish not only 17 goals, but 169 specific targets, indicators, and metrics of sustainability across a wide range of sectors, providing practical guidance for public and private organizations (United Nations, 2015). While the goals and targets are important indicators of success, specific examples of activities that directly and indirectly support the delivery of the SDGs remain unclear, especially for the business sector, suggesting a need for research that demonstrates how businesses can support these sustainability targets within the context of their commercial priorities and activities (cf. Byrom et al., 2014; Hoffman, 2014). The economic benefits of business activities have improved prosperity and living conditions around the world. At the same time, many of these activities have directly and indirectly led to negative impacts including environmental damage and social inequality. With a growing imperative for large-scale societal transformations towards sustainability, it is evident that traditional business thinking is not able to effectively deliver the changes that are required, and is often continuing to contribute to the creation of further problems and reinforcing unsustainable activities (Geels and Schot, 2007; Westley et al., 2011). However, the nature of business is gradually changing, with increasing calls for commerce to be transformed into an engine of sustainable development through corporate citizenship, social entrepreneurship, and pro-environmental behaviors (Abram et al., 2016; Bayon and Jenkins, 2010; Hart et al., 2003; Marcus et al., 2010; Rahdari et al., 2016; Sutton-Grier et al., 2014; Westley et al., 2011). The traditional position that the relationships of society and the environment to the firm were those of client and (limitless) resource provision and waste disposal (e.g. Porter, 1979; Teece et al., 1997; Wernerfelt, 1984) have shifted, to a view where social licence to operate is critical to corporate survival, and the firm can derive competitive advantage from interaction with environmental management activities (Hart, 1995; Hart and Dowell, 2011). These changes are also evident in the movement towards sustainable materials programs and supporting policy programs incorporated in circular economy principles (Dentchev et al., 2016; Silva et al., 2015) and industrial symbiosis models (Rosano and Schianetz, 2014). However, while organizational and technological innovations are disrupting incumbent actors in many areas, the integration of environmental and social aspects of sustainability in profit-oriented commercial activities remains elusive (Dentchev et al., 2016), suggesting that further evolution in business management strategy is necessary. Strategic thinking has reached the stage where stakeholder benefits and sustainability outcomes are intimately connected; new business philosophies and operational strategies that emphasize a more holistic approach to commerce help firms understand and explain not only how value is captured, but how it is created, and how extra value can be obtained by increasing focus on social and environmental outcomes (Baldassarre et al. 2017; Bocken et al. 2015; Zott et al, 2011).